Contemporary reactions to neofascist movements for the most part focus on national contexts, and frequently pursue a simplistic argument about a dangerous ‘repetition of history’. Warning that historical fascism might rise again like a revenant, commentators miss the fundamentally altered strategies of fascist actors in the era of digital communication and agitation. Introducing the critical term reflexive fascism, this article presents examples from Alt-Right ‘meme’ agitation to argue that ‘reflexive fascism’ presents a historiographic distortion: contemporary neofascist actors remake, revise and warp the very conceptions of post-war history and historical scholarship. Far from constituting a mere relapse into earlier states of history, the ‘fascisms’ currently erupting in many parts of the world and the internet are highly reflexive, self-referential, and include active re-imaginings of historical fascism and the institutional and discursive responses to it. Contemporary fascism is discussed as a reflexive undertaking that remakes post-war histories and democracies as ‘risk productions’ for ethnically understood nation states. It aspires not only to authoritarian desires, but agitates through a ‘bottom-up’ production of feelings of ‘racial endangerment’ for white people. Reflexive fascism is a model that can be used to understand how this updated ‘fascism’ cannot be imagined as the constitutive other of democracy and capitalism, but rather unfolds within and through the affective and communicative channels of these systems.

当代对新法西斯运动的反应大部分集中在国家背景上，并且经常追求关于危险的“历史重复”的简单化论点。警告说，历史上的法西斯主义可能会像死神一样再次崛起，评论员们错过了法西斯行动者在数字通信和鼓动时代根本改变的策略。引入批判性术语反射法西斯主义，这篇文章提供了来自 Alt-Right 'meme' 鼓动的例子，认为“反身法西斯主义”呈现了一种历史学扭曲：当代新法西斯主义演员重塑、修改和扭曲了战后历史和历史学术的概念。目前在世界许多地方和互联网爆发的“法西斯主义”远非只是重新回到早期的历史状态，而是高度反思、自我参照的，包括对历史法西斯主义的积极重新想象以及制度性和话语性的回应给它。当代法西斯主义被讨论为一种反思性的事业，它将战后的历史和民主国家重新塑造为民族理解的民族国家的“风险产物”。它不仅渴望专制的欲望，反身法西斯主义是一个模型，可以用来理解这种更新的“法西斯主义”如何不能被想象为民主和资本主义的构成他者，而是在这些系统的情感和交流渠道中并通过这些渠道展开。