Since the 1980s, feminist scholars have explored the dynamic linkages between nationalism and gender. Case studies have shown representations of women as reproducers, transmitters of culturally sanctioned behaviour, signifiers of ethnic groups and markers of national identity and honour. The emergence of social media created a new digital arena for the circulation of tropes related to gender and nationalism, and the recent rise of Hindu nationalism in India was reflected and perpetuated in social media. This article explores several memes in the intersecting discourse of gender and Hindu nationalism and investigates memes, tweets, Facebook posts and hashtags that were used on social media during the general elections held in India in 2019. Such media content reveals the extent to which nationalist projects relied on gender norms. Although there is no fixed pattern in terms of how gender shapes memes and digital images, we can identify gendered ideologies of nationalism that embrace patriarchal forms of social organization. The article shows that current online discourses of Hindu nationalism often perpetuate patterns of heteronormative, hegemonic masculinity embedded in satire and jokes. Though women's participation and visibility are on the rise in the Global South, sexism and misogyny manifest as mediatized satire in political memes.

自 1980 年代以来，女权主义学者探索了民族主义与性别之间的动态联系。案例研究表明，女性是繁殖者、文化认可行为的传播者、种族群体的象征以及国家身份和荣誉的标志。社交媒体的出现为与性别和民族主义相关的比喻的传播创造了一个新的数字舞台，印度最近兴起的印度教民族主义在社交媒体中得到反映和延续。本文探讨了性别和印度教民族主义交叉话语中的几个模因，并调查了 2019 年印度大选期间在社交媒体上使用的模因、推文、Facebook 帖子和主题标签。这些媒体内容揭示了民族主义项目的程度依赖于性别规范。尽管在性别如何塑造模因和数字图像方面没有固定的模式，但我们可以识别出包含父权制社会组织形式的民族主义性别意识形态。这篇文章表明，当前关于印度教民族主义的在线话语经常使讽刺和笑话中嵌入的异性恋、霸权男子气概的模式永久化。尽管在全球南方，女性的参与度和知名度正在上升，但性别歧视和厌女症表现为政治模因中的中介讽刺。讽刺和笑话中蕴含的霸权男子气概。尽管在全球南方，女性的参与度和知名度正在上升，但性别歧视和厌女症表现为政治模因中的中介讽刺。讽刺和笑话中蕴含的霸权男子气概。尽管在全球南方，女性的参与度和知名度正在上升，但性别歧视和厌女症表现为政治模因中的中介讽刺。