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Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence of a Pyromellitic Diimide Derivative in the Film Environment Investigated by Combined QM/MM and MS-CASPT2 Methods
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02145 Xin-Wei Sun 1 , Ling-Ya Peng 1 , Yuan-Jun Gao 1 , Qiu Fang 1 , Ganglong Cui 1
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02145 Xin-Wei Sun 1 , Ling-Ya Peng 1 , Yuan-Jun Gao 1 , Qiu Fang 1 , Ganglong Cui 1
Affiliation
Arylene diimide compounds exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), but its mechanism remains elusive. Herein we studied the TADF mechanism of a carbazole-substituted pyromellitic diimide derivative (CzPhPmDI) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film by using DFT, TD-DFT, and MS-CASPT2 methods within the QM/MM framework. We found that the TADF mechanism involves three electronic states (i.e., S0, S1, and T1), but the T2 state is not involved because its energy is higher than the S1 state by 6.9 kcal/mol. By contrast, the T1 state is only 3.2 kcal/mol lower than the S1 state and such small energy difference benefits the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) process from T1 to S1 thereto TADF. This point is seconded by relevant radiative and nonradiative rates calculated. At room temperature, the ISC rate from S1 to T1 is calculated to be 6.1 × 106 s–1, which is larger than the fluorescence emission rate, 2.2 × 105 s–1; thus, the dominant S1 population converts to the T1 state. However, in the T1 state, the rISC process (1.8 × 104 s–1) becomes the most important channel because of the negligible phosphorescence emission rate (3.5 × 10–2 s–1). So, the T1 population is still converted back to the S1 state to fluoresce enabling TADF. Unfortunately, the rISC process is blocked in low temperature. Besides, we found that relevant Huang–Rhys factors have dominant contribution from low-frequency vibrational motion related to the torsional motion of functional groups. These gained insights could provide useful information for the design of organic TADF materials with excellent luminescence efficiency.
中文翻译:
用 QM/MM 和 MS-CASPT2 组合方法研究薄膜环境中均苯四酸二亚胺衍生物的热激活延迟荧光
亚芳基二亚胺化合物表现出热激活延迟荧光 (TADF),但其机制仍然难以捉摸。在此,我们在 QM/MM 框架内使用 DFT、TD-DFT 和 MS-CASPT2 方法研究了咔唑取代的均苯四甲二亚胺衍生物 (CzPhPmDI) 在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA) 薄膜中的 TADF 机理。我们发现TADF机制涉及三个电子态(即S 0、S 1和T 1),但不涉及T 2态,因为它的能量比S 1态高6.9 kcal/mol。相比之下,T 1状态仅比 S 1低 3.2 kcal/mol态和如此小的能量差异有利于从 T 1到 S 1到TADF 的反向系统间交叉 (rISC) 过程。这一点是由相关的辐射和非辐射率计算得出的。在室温下,从 S 1到 T 1的 ISC 速率计算为 6.1 × 10 6 s –1,大于荧光发射速率 2.2 × 10 5 s –1;因此,占主导地位的 S 1 种群转变为 T 1状态。然而,在 T 1状态下,rISC 过程(1.8 × 10 4 s –1) 成为最重要的通道,因为磷光发射率可忽略不计 (3.5 × 10 –2 s –1 )。因此,T 1种群仍被转换回 S 1状态以发出荧光,使 TADF 成为可能。不幸的是,rISC 过程在低温下被阻塞。此外,我们发现相关的 Huang-Rhys 因子在与官能团扭转运动相关的低频振动运动中占主导地位。这些获得的见解可以为设计具有优异发光效率的有机 TADF 材料提供有用的信息。
更新日期:2022-06-23
中文翻译:
用 QM/MM 和 MS-CASPT2 组合方法研究薄膜环境中均苯四酸二亚胺衍生物的热激活延迟荧光
亚芳基二亚胺化合物表现出热激活延迟荧光 (TADF),但其机制仍然难以捉摸。在此,我们在 QM/MM 框架内使用 DFT、TD-DFT 和 MS-CASPT2 方法研究了咔唑取代的均苯四甲二亚胺衍生物 (CzPhPmDI) 在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA) 薄膜中的 TADF 机理。我们发现TADF机制涉及三个电子态(即S 0、S 1和T 1),但不涉及T 2态,因为它的能量比S 1态高6.9 kcal/mol。相比之下,T 1状态仅比 S 1低 3.2 kcal/mol态和如此小的能量差异有利于从 T 1到 S 1到TADF 的反向系统间交叉 (rISC) 过程。这一点是由相关的辐射和非辐射率计算得出的。在室温下,从 S 1到 T 1的 ISC 速率计算为 6.1 × 10 6 s –1,大于荧光发射速率 2.2 × 10 5 s –1;因此,占主导地位的 S 1 种群转变为 T 1状态。然而,在 T 1状态下,rISC 过程(1.8 × 10 4 s –1) 成为最重要的通道,因为磷光发射率可忽略不计 (3.5 × 10 –2 s –1 )。因此,T 1种群仍被转换回 S 1状态以发出荧光,使 TADF 成为可能。不幸的是,rISC 过程在低温下被阻塞。此外,我们发现相关的 Huang-Rhys 因子在与官能团扭转运动相关的低频振动运动中占主导地位。这些获得的见解可以为设计具有优异发光效率的有机 TADF 材料提供有用的信息。