This study investigated the effect of Fe₃O₄, Fe₃O₄-MWCNT, and Fe₃O₄-NiO nanohybrids on the in-situ heavy oil upgrading using microwave radiation through the Taguchi DOE method. The nanohybrids were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and were characterized using different analyses. Three numerical parameters, including the concentration of nanohybrids, power and time of microwave radiation, and a categorical factor including the type of the nanohybrids, were considered in a DOE plan. Results showed that electrical permeability, loss tangent, and electrical conductivity of Fe₃O₄-MWCNT nanohybrids are higher than other nanoparticles. Nanoparticle’s concentration (at 0.5 wt%) had the most significant effect on reducing the viscosity and increasing the API degree of crude oil. All three system responses, including viscosity, API, and oil sample temperature, were raised by increasing the power of microwaves from 400 W to 1200 W. The lowest viscosity of crude oil was obtained at low irradiation times (8 min.). The optimal conditions for achieving the greatest reduction in crude oil viscosity were a combination of using 0.5 wt% of Fe₃O₄-MWCNT nanohybrid under 8 min of 400 W microwave radiation. Finally, it found that microwave radiation has made the oil sample lighter and reduced the sulfur content in the crude oil. So, the use of Fe₃O₄-MWCNT nanohybrid has reduced the sulfur content in the primary crude oil sample by 16.6%.

本研究通过田口 DOE 方法研究了 Fe ₃ O ₄、Fe ₃ O ₄ -MWCNT 和 Fe ₃ O ₄ -NiO 纳米杂化物对利用微波辐射进行原位重油改质的影响。通过共沉淀法合成纳米杂化物，并使用不同的分析进行表征。在 DOE 计划中考虑了三个数值参数，包括纳米杂化物的浓度、微波辐射的功率和时间，以及包括纳米杂化物类型在内的分类因素。_{结果表明，Fe 3} O ₄的电导率、损耗角正切和电导率-MWCNT纳米杂化物高于其他纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒的浓度（0.5 wt%）对降低原油粘度和提高原油API度的影响最为显着。所有三个系统响应，包括粘度、API 和油样温度，都通过将微波功率从 400 W 增加到 1200 W 来提高。原油的最低粘度是在低辐照时间（8 分钟）下获得的。实现原油粘度最大降低的最佳条件是在 8 分钟 400 W 微波辐射下使用 0.5 wt% Fe ₃ O ₄ -MWCNT 纳米杂化物的组合。最后，它发现微波辐射使油样变轻并降低了原油中的硫含量。因此，使用 Fe ₃ O₄ -MWCNT 纳米杂化物将初级原油样品中的硫含量降低了 16.6%。