Empirical research on public policy preferences must attend to Whites’ animus toward Blacks. For a quarter-century, studies have consistently found that Kinder and Sanders’s four-item measure of “racial resentment” is a robust predictor of almost every social and criminal justice policy opinion. Racial animus increases Whites’ opposition to social welfare policies that benefit Blacks and their support for punitive policies that disadvantage this “out-group.” Any public opinion study that fails to include racial resentment risks omitted variable bias. Despite the continuing salience of out-group animus, recent scholarship, especially in political science, has highlighted other racial attitudes that can influence public policy preferences. Two developments are of particular importance. First, Chudy showed the progressive impact of racial sympathy, a positive out-group attitude in which Whites are distressed by incidents of Blacks’ suffering (such as the killing of George Floyd). Second, Jardina and others documented that Whites’ in-group racial attitudes, such as White identity/consciousness or white nationalism, have political consequences, reinforcing the effects of racial resentment. As the United States becomes a majority-minority nation, diverse in-group and out-group racial attitudes are likely to play a central role in policies—including within criminal justice—that the public endorses.

中文翻译：

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种族态度和刑事司法政策

对公共政策偏好的实证研究必须关注白人对黑人的敌意。四分之一世纪以来，研究始终发现，金德和桑德斯的“种族怨恨”四项衡量标准是几乎所有社会和刑事司法政策意见的有力预测指标。种族仇恨增加了白人对有利于黑人的社会福利政策的反对，以及他们对不利于这个“外群体”的惩罚性政策的支持。任何不包括种族怨恨的舆论研究都有可能遗漏变量偏见。尽管外群体敌意持续突出，但最近的学术研究，特别是在政治学领域，强调了可能影响公共政策偏好的其他种族态度。有两个发展特别重要。首先，丘迪展示了种族同情的渐进影响，一种积极的外群体态度，在这种态度中，白人因黑人遭受的痛苦事件（例如乔治·弗洛伊德被杀）而感到痛苦。其次，Jardina 和其他人记录了白人的群体内种族态度，例如白人身份/意识或白人民族主义，具有政治后果，强化了种族怨恨的影响。随着美国成为一个占多数的少数族裔国家，不同群体内和群体外的种族态度很可能在公众认可的政策（包括刑事司法范围内）中发挥核心作用。强化种族仇恨的影响。随着美国成为一个占多数的少数族裔国家，不同群体内和群体外的种族态度很可能在公众认可的政策（包括刑事司法范围内）中发挥核心作用。强化种族仇恨的影响。随着美国成为一个占多数的少数族裔国家，不同群体内和群体外的种族态度很可能在公众认可的政策（包括刑事司法范围内）中发挥核心作用。