To help upscale ecological restoration of degraded lands, landscape factors and longer time scales should be considered when assessing restoration efforts. We evaluated the impact of initial restoration intervention, landscape composition, and elapsed time since the restoration began on the long-term progress of Pannonic sand grassland restoration. Treatments (seeding, mowing, and carbon amendment) were implemented for 6–7 years and monitoring lasted up to 23 years after the first treatment applications in eight experimental blocks belonging to three field experiments. The abundance of target/neophyte species, and distance from primary grasslands and plantations (as major source of target/neophyte species) were estimated in 500 m landscape buffers around each block to characterize landscape composition. Restoration progress was calculated as the difference between the relative cover of target/neophyte species in treatment and control plots. Restoration intervention and neophyte abundance in the landscape had a significant effect on the restoration progress, but time did not. Seeding had the highest positive effect on target species and also prevented invasion by neophyte species. Higher abundance of neophytes in the landscape and the proximity to plantations increased the cover of neophytes in treatment plots. We conclude that restoration interventions may have a greater impact on restoration progress in the longer term than landscape factors or elapsed time. Seeding proved to be the best method in restoring sand grasslands by both favoring target species and controlling invasion. From the landscape factors, the abundance of neophyte species and distance to plantations should be considered when prioritizing areas and efforts for restoration.

为了帮助升级退化土地的生态恢复，在评估恢复工作时应考虑景观因素和更长的时间尺度。我们评估了初始恢复干预、景观组成和恢复开始后经过的时间对 Pannonic 沙草恢复长期进展的影响。处理（播种、割草和碳修正）实施了 6-7 年，在属于三个田间试验的 8 个试验区的第一次处理应用后，监测持续了长达 23 年。在每个街区周围 500 m 的景观缓冲区中估计了目标/新植物物种的丰度以及与原始草原和种植园（作为目标/新植物物种的主要来源）的距离，以表征景观组成。恢复进度计算为处理和对照地块中目标/新植物物种的相对覆盖率之间的差异。景观中的恢复干预和新植物丰度对恢复进度有显着影响，但时间没有。播种对目标物种具有最高的积极影响，并且还可以防止新物种的入侵。景观中较高丰度的新植物和靠近种植园增加了处理地块中新植物的覆盖率。我们得出结论，从长远来看，恢复干预可能比景观因素或经过的时间对恢复进度产生更大的影响。播种被证明是恢复沙地草原的最佳方法，既可以保护目标物种，又可以控制入侵。从景观因素来看，