Abstract Extraction from the herbs was performed using the Soxhlet method. Various formula was synthesized for niosomes containing the extracts through thin film synthesis technique, and the most efficient formulation was selected. Afterwards, physicochemical properties of niosomes, including size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, morphology, encapsulation efficacy (EE%), extract release rate, non-interactive action between the extracts and niosomes, antibacterial potential, and cellular uptake were assessed. Finally, the toxicity level of the niosomes to breast cancer cells was compared and their impact on the expression of p53 and MCL-1 was evaluated. Our data demonstrated that the synthesized niosomes were sensitive to the temperature and pH. Also, the niosomes containing Hedera Helix extract (Nio-HHE) sized 97.7 nm, with a zeta potential of −19.9 ± 6.7 mV, PDI of 0.35, and 58 ± 2.4% encapsulation efficacy showed more toxicity to the cancer cells than the niosomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (Nio-GGE) with the size of 111 ± 8.5 nm, zeta potential of −23.5 ± 4.5 mV, PDI of 0.113, and 69 ± 1.2% encapsulation efficacy. The former system proved to have more antibacterial potential, and affect the expression of the oncogenes more than the latter. Meanwhile, both niosomal systems demonstrated an acceptable cellular uptake, and no chemical interaction with the extracts was observed. Furthermore, useful function of the synthesized niosomes was confirmed by morphological assessments. Our data confirmed that encapsulation of herbal extracts improves their anticancer and antibacterial potential. We concluded that Nio-HHE has more significant antitumor effects on breast cancer cells than Nio-GGE. Consequently, applying nano drug delivery systems based on herbal therapy could mitigate the side effects resulting from chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and offer promising perspectives for treatment of breast cancer.

中文翻译：

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用于有效治疗乳腺癌的智能刺激响应性草药包裹纳米颗粒的合成与表征

摘要 采用索氏提取法从草药中提取。通过薄膜合成技术合成了多种配方用于含有提取物的脂质体，并选择了最有效的配方。随后，评估了 niosomes 的物理化学性质，包括大小、多分散性指数 (PDI)、zeta 电位、形态、包封率 (EE%)、提取物释放率、提取物和 niosomes 之间的非相互作用、抗菌潜力和细胞摄取. 最后，比较了 niosomes 对乳腺癌细胞的毒性水平，并评估了它们对 p53 和 MCL-1 表达的影响。我们的数据表明，合成的 niosomes 对温度和 pH 值敏感。此外，含有 Hedera Helix 提取物 (Nio-HHE) 的 niosomes 大小为 97.7 nm，zeta 电位为 -19.9 ± 6.7 mV、PDI 为 0.35 和 58 ± 2.4% 的包封率对癌细胞的毒性比光甘草提取物 (Nio-GGE) 的大小为 111 ± 8.5 nm 的 niosomes 更高， zeta 电位为 -23.5 ± 4.5 mV，PDI 为 0.113，封装效率为 69 ± 1.2%。前者系统被证明具有更大的抗菌潜力，并且比后者更能影响癌基因的表达。同时，两种 niosomal 系统都表现出可接受的细胞摄取，并且没有观察到与提取物的化学相互作用。此外，通过形态学评估证实了合成的 niosomes 的有用功能。我们的数据证实，草药提取物的封装提高了它们的抗癌和抗菌潜力。我们得出结论，Nio-HHE 对乳腺癌细胞的抗肿瘤作用比 Nio-GGE 更显着。因此，应用基于草药疗法的纳米药物递送系统可以减轻化疗和放疗产生的副作用，并为治疗乳腺癌提供有希望的前景。