In settings where social norms promote gender segregation, firms may find it costly to employ both men and women. These integration costs may hinder women's employment. We develop a methodology to test for the presence of fixed integration costs and estimate counterfactual women's employment at all-male firms where these costs bind. We apply our approach in Saudi Arabia and find that integration costs bind for the majority of firms. We show that Nitaqat, a gender-neutral quota program that incentivized the hiring of Saudi nationals at private sector firms, induced firms to integrate and dramatically increased Saudi women's employment. (JEL J16, J23, J71, M52, O15, Z13)

中文翻译：

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沙特劳动力市场的女性缺失、整合成本和大力推行政策

在社会规范促进性别隔离的环境中，公司可能会发现雇用男性和女性的成本很高。这些融入成本可能会阻碍女性就业。我们开发了一种方法来测试固定整合成本的存在，并估计在这些成本约束的全男性公司中反事实的女性就业情况。我们在沙特阿拉伯应用我们的方法，发现整合成本对大多数公司都有约束力。我们表明，Nitaqat 是一项性别中立的配额计划，该计划鼓励私营部门公司雇用沙特国民，促使公司整合并显着增加沙特妇女的就业。（JEL J16、J23、J71、M52、O15、Z13）