The catalytic oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to prepare 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a promising route to produce biomass-based functional materials. It is significant to develop non-noble metal-based catalysts for efficient conversion of HMF to FDCA. In this study, a facile and green technology was developed to prepare hierarchical porous carbon foam (CF)-supported MnO₂ (MnO₂/CF) catalyst by in-situ growth of MnO₂ nanoparticles on blocky CF, and the catalytic activity of MnO₂/CF for the oxidation of HMF to FDCA was evaluated. Under mild reaction conditions, the MnO₂/CF catalyst achieved 99.8% conversion of HMF and 97.0% yield of FDCA, which was well beyond the catalytic performance of single MnO₂. The results indicated that the CF with hierarchical porous structure and oxygen-containing groups could facilitate the diffusion of reactant molecules and regulate the crystal structure and morphology of MnO₂. The synergistic interaction of CF and MnO₂ effectively enhanced specific surface area, surface acid-base sites, oxygen vacancy concentration, and charge transfer efficiency of MnO₂/CF composite, contributing to favorable catalytic performance. Additionally, the MnO₂/CF catalyst showed promising stability and reusability. This work provides new insights into the development of efficient, stable, and economical non-noble metal-based catalysts for catalytic conversion of biomass-based chemicals.