<br>碳酸盐岩：分类、来源、演化和放置,Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

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碳酸盐岩：分类、来源、演化和放置
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences ( IF 11.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-21 , DOI: 10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-104243
Gregory M. Yaxley ₁ , Michael Anenburg ₁ , Sebastian Tappe _{2,

3} , Sophie Decree ₄ , Tibor Guzmics ₅

Affiliation

碳酸盐岩是由富含碳酸盐的母体熔体分馏结晶在地壳中形成的火成岩，这些熔体主要是地幔衍生的。它们主要由碳酸盐矿物组成，如方解石、白云石和碳酸盐，以及少量磷酸盐、氧化物和硅酸盐。它们分布在大陆板块内环境中，例如克拉通内部和边缘，以及裂谷带，很少出现在海洋岛屿上。碳酸盐岩是累积岩，由熔融结晶的晶体的物理分离和积累形成，它们的母体熔体由（a）含碳酸盐、交代化、岩石圈地幔产生含碱钙黄岩熔体的直接部分熔融形成，或（b）含碳酸盐、二氧化硅不饱和岩浆（如霞石、金绿岩或层岩）分馏结晶后的硅酸盐-碳酸盐液体不混溶性。它们进入地壳通常伴随着岩篱化作用，这是由结晶碳酸盐岩中排出的液体引起的围岩碱交代作用。碳酸盐岩是稀土元素和铌矿床的主要宿主，这些商品的全球生产绝大多数来自碳酸盐酸盐。▪ 碳酸盐岩是由富含碳酸盐的岩浆形成的火成岩，最终形成于地球上部地幔。▪ 碳酸盐矿与稀土元素和铌等金属的经济矿床有关，这些金属在高科技应用中是必不可少的。▪ 地质记录中有 600 多座碳酸盐岩，但目前只有一座活跃的碳酸盐岩火山，即坦桑尼亚的 Oldoinyo Lengai。

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Carbonatites: Classification, Sources, Evolution, and Emplacement

Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and ankerite, as well as minor phosphates, oxides, and silicates. They are emplaced in continental intraplate settings such as cratonic interiors and margins, as well as rift zones, and rarely on oceanic islands. Carbonatites are cumulate rocks, which are formed by physical separation and accumulation of crystals that crystallize from a melt, and their parental melts form by either ( a) direct partial melting of carbonate-bearing, metasomatized, lithospheric mantle producing alkali-bearing calciodolomitic melts or ( b) silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility following fractional crystallization of carbonate-bearing, silica-undersaturated magmas such as nephelinites, melilitites, or lamprophyres. Their emplacement into the crust is usually accompanied by fenitization, alkali metasomatism of wallrock caused by fluids expelled from the crystallizing carbonatite.Carbonatites are major hosts of deposits of the rare earth elements and niobium, and the vast majority of the global production of these commodities is from carbonatites. ▪ Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed from carbonate-rich magmas, which ultimately formed in Earth's upper mantle. ▪ Carbonatites are associated with economic deposits of metals such as the rare earth elements and niobium, which are essential in high-tech applications. ▪ There are more than 600 carbonatites in the geological record but only one currently active carbonatite volcano, Oldoinyo Lengai in Tanzania.

更新日期：2022-01-21

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