This study reports on an experiment that tested whether drummers systematically manipulated not only onset but also duration and/or intensity of strokes in order to achieve different timing styles. Twenty-two professional drummers performed two patterns (a simple “back-beat” and a complex variation) on a drum kit (hi-hat, snare, kick) in three different timing styles (laid-back, pushed, on-beat), in tandem with two timing references (metronome and instrumental backing track). As expected, onset location corresponded to the instructed timing styles for all instruments. The instrumental reference led to more pronounced timing profiles than the metronome (pushed strokes earlier, laid-back strokes later). Also, overall the metronome reference led to earlier mean onsets than the instrumental reference, possibly related to the “negative mean asynchrony” phenomenon. Regarding sound, results revealed systematic differences across participants in the duration (snare) and intensity (snare and hi-hat) of strokes played using the different timing styles. Pattern also had an impact: drummers generally played the rhythmically more complex pattern 2 louder than the simpler pattern 1 (snare and kick). Overall, our results lend further evidence to the hypothesis that both temporal and sound-related features contribute to the indication of the timing of a rhythmic event in groove-based performance.

中文翻译：

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时间就是一切……或者是吗？在基于 Groove 的演奏中，指定的时序风格、参考和模式对鼓组声音的影响

本研究报告了一项实验，该实验测试了鼓手是否系统地操纵了敲击的开始以及持续时间和/或强度，以实现不同的节奏风格。22 名专业鼓手在一套架子鼓（踩镲、军鼓、底鼓）上以三种不同的时间风格（悠闲、推压、随拍）演奏两种模式（简单的“后拍”和复杂的变奏） ，与两个计时参考（节拍器和乐器背景音轨）串联。正如预期的那样，起始位置对应于所有乐器的指示时间样式。乐器参考导致比节拍器更明显的时间曲线（推得更早，更慢的敲击更晚）。此外，总体而言，节拍器参考比乐器参考导致更早的平均开始，可能与“负均值异步”现象有关。关于声音，结果揭示了参与者在使用不同计时风格演奏的敲击的持续时间（小鼓）和强度（小鼓和踩镲）方面存在系统性差异。模式也有影响：鼓手通常在节奏上更复杂的模式 2 比更简单的模式 1（小鼓和底鼓）更响亮。总体而言，我们的结果为以下假设提供了进一步的证据，即时间和声音相关的特征都有助于指示基于凹槽的表演中节奏事件的时间。鼓手通常比简单的模式 1（小鼓和底鼓）更响亮地演奏节奏更复杂的模式 2。总体而言，我们的结果为以下假设提供了进一步的证据，即时间和声音相关的特征都有助于指示基于凹槽的表演中节奏事件的时间。鼓手通常比简单的模式 1（小鼓和底鼓）更响亮地演奏节奏更复杂的模式 2。总体而言，我们的结果为以下假设提供了进一步的证据，即时间和声音相关的特征都有助于指示基于凹槽的表演中节奏事件的时间。