The vegetable leafminer (VLM) Liriomyza sativae Blanchard is a troublesome pest of vegetable and ornamental plants worldwide. Resistance development and environmental pollution from the overuse of chemical insecticides have driven interest in alternative control strategies for this pest. Secondary metabolites derived from aromatic nonhost plants are recognised components of the plant defence system against herbivores. The essential oils derived from aromatic plants not only repel insects but also have toxic effects against various insect pests, yet little is known about their effects against leafminers. The major constituents of the essential oil extracted from rosemary leaves by hydrodistillation were identified by GC–MS. The behavioural responses of VLM adults to the rosemary essential oil (REO) were explored with Y-tube olfactometer experiments, and the oviposition and feeding deterrent effects of REO against adults were studied using no-choice cage tests. Dipping methods were used to determine the toxicity of REO and Matrine (a commercial botanical pesticide) against VLM eggs, larvae and pupae, while glass-vial bioassays were used for adults. The identified major constituents of the cineoliferum chemotype of REO were 1,8-cineole (23.53%), pinene (23.45%), (S)-(−)-verbenone (12.84%) and borneol (7.47%). REO repelled leafminer adults. Sublethal concentrations of REO deterred oviposition and feeding by adults. Adults were more susceptible than other developmental stages to toxicity of REO and Matrine. Female adults were more sensitive than males, based on EC₅₀ values at 24 and 48 hr after treatment. Rosemary essential oil is a behaviour-modifying stimulus potentially useful in a “push-pull” strategy for L. sativae control, and as an alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides due to its low toxicity and high efficacy in the control of VLM.

中文翻译：

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Salvia rosmarinus 油对 Liriomyza sativae 的驱避和毒性作用

蔬菜潜叶虫 (VLM) Liriomyza sativae布兰查德是全球蔬菜和观赏植物的一种麻烦害虫。过度使用化学杀虫剂引起的抗药性发展和环境污染引起了人们对这种害虫替代控制策略的兴趣。源自芳香族非寄主植物的次级代谢物是植物防御系统中公认的抗食草动物的组成部分。从芳香植物中提取的精油不仅可以驱虫，而且对各种害虫都有毒性作用，但它们对潜叶虫的作用却知之甚少。通过 GC-MS 鉴定了通过加氢蒸馏从迷迭香叶中提取的精油的主要成分。用 Y 管嗅觉计实验探索了 VLM 成年人对迷迭香精油 (REO) 的行为反应，并且使用无选择笼子测试研究了 REO 对成年人的产卵和喂食威慑作用。浸渍法用于确定 REO 和苦参碱（一种商业植物杀虫剂）对 VLM 卵、幼虫和蛹的毒性，而玻璃小瓶生物测定法用于成虫。确定的主要成分REO的桉树脑化学型为1,8-桉树脑（23.53%）、蒎烯（23.45%）、（S）-（-）-马鞭草酮（12.84%）和冰片（7.47%）。REO 排斥潜叶虫成虫。亚致死浓度的 REO 阻止了成年人的产卵和喂养。与其他发育阶段相比，成年人对 REO 和苦参碱的毒性更敏感。根据治疗后 24 小时和 48 小时的 EC ₅₀值，成年女性比男性更敏感。迷迭香精油是一种改变行为的刺激物，可能对L的“推拉”策略有用。控制苜蓿，并且由于其低毒和高效控制VLM而作为合成化学杀虫剂的替代品。