A basic survival need is the ability to respond to, and persevere in the midst of, experiential challenges. Mechanisms of neuroplasticity permit this responsivity via functional adaptations (flexibility), as well as more substantial structural modifications following chronic stress or injury. This review focuses on prefrontally based flexibility, expressed throughout large-scale neuronal networks through the actions of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. With substance use disorders and stress-related internalizing disorders as exemplars, we review human behavioral and neuroimaging data, considering whether executive control, particularly cognitive flexibility, is impaired premorbidly, enduringly compromised with illness progression, or both. We conclude that deviations in control processes are consistently expressed in the context of active illness but operate through different mechanisms and with distinct longitudinal patterns in externalizing versus internalizing conditions.

中文翻译：

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神经可塑性、前额叶皮层和精神病理学相关的认知控制偏差


一个基本的生存需求是应对体验挑战并坚持不懈的能力。神经可塑性机制通过功能适应（柔韧性）以及慢性压力或损伤后更实质性的结构修改来允许这种反应性。本综述侧重于基于前额叶的灵活性，通过兴奋性和抑制性神经递质以及神经调节剂的作用在整个大规模神经元网络中表达。以物质使用障碍和压力相关的内化障碍为例，我们回顾了人类行为和神经影像学数据，考虑执行控制，尤其是认知灵活性，是否在病前受损，是否随着疾病进展而持续受损，或两者兼而有之。我们得出的结论是，控制过程的偏差在活动性疾病的背景下始终表现出来，但通过不同的机制运作，并且在外化与内化条件下具有不同的纵向模式。