This review considers two themes. The first section describes the influence of two temperamental biases detectable in infants that render children vulnerable to maladaptive behavior if the rearing environment invites such responses. Infants who display high levels of limb activity and crying in response to unexpected events are likely to be shy and fearful as children and are at risk for an anxiety disorder. Infants who display little limb movement and crying are susceptible to assuming risks and vulnerable to asocial behavior if the rearing environment invites these actions. The second section criticizes three common research practices: failure to examine patterns of measures for predictors and outcomes, an indifference to the power of the setting on the evidence recorded, and the distortions that semantic terms in questionnaires impose on replies.

中文翻译：

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气质和理论对临床心理学的贡献


本综述考虑了两个主题。第一部分描述了在婴儿中可检测到的两种气质偏差的影响，如果养育环境引发这种反应，它们会使儿童容易受到适应不良行为的影响。表现出高水平的肢体活动和因意外事件而哭泣的婴儿在儿童时期可能会害羞和恐惧，并且有患焦虑症的风险。如果饲养环境鼓励这些行为，则肢体运动和哭泣很少的婴儿容易受到风险的影响，并且容易受到不合群行为的影响。第二部分批评了三种常见的研究实践：未能检查预测因子和结果的测量模式，对环境对记录证据的力量漠不关心，以及问卷中的语义术语对回答的扭曲。