Shooting associations represented one of the most popular expressions of sociability in Imperial Germany. Their club houses were to be found in large and medium-sized towns, in villages, and in overseas colonies, too. Middle class men would regularly gather to practice shooting and to organize competitions, activities characterized by clearly gendered rituals of social life. Based on values of loyalty to the Emperor and to fellow members, association life closely reflected the ideological agenda of the protestant Kaiserreich. Their popularity and pervasiveness earned shooting associations a place in George Mosse's groundbreaking work on the nationalization of the masses. Nevertheless, they have been mostly neglected in research on bourgeois sociability and on militarism. This article is the first scholarly attempt to study this form of associationism in Imperial Germany and its colonies. Having developed out of the old tradition of civic militias, shooting societies lost their primary policing and military function during the 19th century. However, community defence remained an essential task, which was viewed then as a moral and civil, rather than military, matter. The article examines the cultural and social aspects of shooting societies and relates this form of associationism to wider issues of military culture in the Kaiserreich.

中文翻译：

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枪声、社交和社区防御。德意志帝国及其殖民地的射击协会

射击协会是德意志帝国最流行的社交表达方式之一。他们的会所遍布大中型城镇、乡村和海外殖民地。中产阶级男性会定期聚集在一起练习射击和组织比赛，这些活动的特点是社会生活中具有明显的性别仪式。基于忠于皇帝和其他成员的价值观，社团生活密切反映了新教皇帝的意识形态议程. 他们的受欢迎程度和普遍性使射击协会在乔治·莫斯（George Mosse）关于群众国有化的开创性工作中占有一席之地。然而，在资产阶级社会性和军国主义的研究中，它们大多被忽视了。本文是第一次在德意志帝国及其殖民地研究这种形式的联想主义的学术尝试。从民间民兵的旧传统发展而来的射击社团在 19 世纪失去了其主要的警务和军事职能。然而，社区防御仍然是一项基本任务，这在当时被视为道德和民事问题，而不是军事问题。本文探讨了射击社团的文化和社会方面，并将这种形式的联想主义与德意志帝国更广泛的军事文化问题联系起来.