The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides,Psychopharmacology

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The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides
Psychopharmacology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2022-04-30 , DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06142-4
P Mallaroni ₁ , N L Mason ₁ , F R J Vinckenbosch ₁ , J G Ramaekers ₁

Affiliation

Background

Novel psychedelics (NPs) are an expanding set of compounds, presenting new challenges for drug policy and opportunities for clinical research. Unlike their classical derivatives, little is known regarding their use profiles or their subjective effects.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to compile usage patterns and adverse event rates for individual NPs belonging to each of three main psychedelic structural families. Targeting the most widely used representatives for each class, we expanded on their phenomenological distinctions.

Methods

A two-part survey was employed. We investigated the prevalence of novel phenethylamines, tryptamine and lysergamides in NP users (N = 1180), contrasting the type and incidence of adverse events (AEs) using a set of logistic regressions. Honing in on 2–4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-B) (48.6%), 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD) (34.2%) and 4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT) (23.1%), we examined their phenomenological separability using a gradient boosting (XGBoost) supervised classifier.

Results

Novel phenethylamines had the highest prevalence of use (61.5%) seconded by tryptamines (43.8%) and lysergamides (42.9%). Usage patterns were identified for 32 different compounds, demonstrating variable dosages, durations and a common oral route of administration. Compared to phenethylamines, the odds for tryptamines and lysergamides users were significantly less for overall physical AEs. No significant differences in overall psychological AEs were found. Overall model area under the curve (AUC) stood at 0.79 with sensitivity (50.0%) and specificity (60.0%) for 2C-B ranking lowest.

Conclusion

NP classes may hold distinct AE rates and phenomenology, the latter potentially clouded by the subjective nature of these experiences. Further targeted research is warranted.

中文翻译：

新型致幻剂的使用模式：取代苯乙胺、色胺和麦角酰胺的经验指纹

背景

新型迷幻药 (NP) 是一组不断扩大的化合物，为药物政策带来了新的挑战，也为临床研究带来了机遇。与它们的经典衍生物不同，人们对它们的使用概况或主观效果知之甚少。

目标

本研究的目的是收集属于三个主要迷幻结构家族的单个 NP 的使用模式和不良事件发生率。针对每个类别最广泛使用的代表，我们扩展了它们的现象学区别。

方法

采用了两部分的调查。我们调查了 NP 使用者中新型苯乙胺、色胺和麦角酰胺的患病率 ( N = 1180)，并使用一组逻辑回归对比了不良事件 (AE) 的类型和发生率。磨炼2–4-溴-2,5-二甲氧基苯基)乙胺(2C-B) (48.6%)、1-丙酰基-麦角酸二乙酰胺(1P-LSD) (34.2%) 和4-乙酰氧基-N,N -二甲基色胺 (4-AcO-DMT) (23.1%)，我们使用梯度增强 (XGBoost) 监督分类器检查了它们的现象学可分离性。

结果

新型苯乙胺的使用率最高（61.5%），其次是色胺（43.8%）和麦角酰胺（42.9%）。确定了 32 种不同化合物的使用模式，展示了不同的剂量、持续时间和常见的口服给药途径。与苯乙胺相比，色胺和麦角酰胺使用者发生整体物理不良事件的几率明显较低。总体心理不良事件未发现显着差异。总体模型曲线下面积 (AUC) 为 0.79，2C-B 的敏感性 (50.0%) 和特异性 (60.0%) 排名最低。