Three-dimensional (3D) stem cell culture systems have attracted considerable attention as a way to better mimic the complex interactions between individual cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that occur in vivo. Moreover, 3D cell culture systems have unique properties that help guide specific functions, growth, and processes of stem cells (e.g., embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and organogenesis). Thus, 3D stem cell culture systems that mimic in vivo environments enable basic research about various tissues and organs. In this review, we focus on the advanced therapeutic applications of stem cell-based 3D culture systems generated using different engineering techniques. Specifically, we summarize the historical advancements of 3D cell culture systems and discuss the therapeutic applications of stem cell-based spheroids and organoids, including engineering techniques for tissue repair and regeneration.

三维 (3D) 干细胞培养系统作为一种更好地模拟体内发生的单个细胞与细胞外基质 (ECM) 之间复杂相互作用的方法而引起了相当大的关注。此外，3D 细胞培养系统具有独特的特性，有助于指导干细胞的特定功能、生长和过程（例如，胚胎发生、形态发生和器官发生）。因此，模拟体内的3D 干细胞培养系统环境使有关各种组织和器官的基础研究成为可能。在这篇综述中，我们专注于使用不同工程技术生成的基于干细胞的 3D 培养系统的先进治疗应用。具体来说，我们总结了 3D 细胞培养系统的历史进展，并讨论了基于干细胞的球体和类器官的治疗应用，包括用于组织修复和再生的工程技术。