Development of active HOR/HER electro-catalyst is crucial for development of next-generation PEM-and-AEM based renewable technologies. Here, IrO₂-modified PdO-nanostructures/carbon-composite with plenty of surface defects was synthesized for HER/HOR applications. The ECSA of IrO₂–PdO/C is found to be 449 m g⁻¹ which is ∼9-fold higher than Pt/C in acid. The HER of IrO₂–PdO/C are 1.15-and 2.35-fold higher than Pt/C in acid and base. The stability test shows excellent stability of this catalyst. It also shows superior HOR activity. The i_0,m of IrO₂–PdO/C is ∼647 and 376 mA/mg_metal in acid and base that are 1.78-and 3.63-times higher in compared to commercial Pt/C. Small amount of IrO₂ in IrO₂–PdO/C enhances its HOR/HER activity ∼300 times as compared to PdO/C. The IrO₂ or defects of the catalyst absorb OH_ad that reacts with neighboring H_ad at defect sites or interfaces leading to increase HER/HOR performance through bifunctional mechanism. We demonstrate volcano relationship between exchange current and H∗/OH∗ binding energy confirming that HBE and OHBE are equal descriptors for HOR/HER in base. The HOR/HER in different electrolyte and increasing Li⁺ ions suggests [(H₂O)_x-M⁺-OH_ad ] in double layer influences the HOR/HER in base. This work could lead to the development of Pt-free electrocatalysts for renewable energy technologies.

开发活性 HOR/HER 电催化剂对于开发下一代基于 PEM 和 AEM 的可再生技术至关重要。在这里，合成了具有大量表面缺陷的 IrO ₂改性 PdO 纳米结构/碳复合材料，用于 HER/HOR 应用。发现IrO ₂ -PdO/C 的 ECSA 为 449 m g ^-1，比酸中的 Pt/C 高 9 倍。IrO ₂ –PdO/C 在酸碱中的 HER 比 Pt/C 高 1.15 倍和 2.35 倍。稳定性测试表明该催化剂具有优异的稳定性。它还显示出优异的 HOR 活性。IrO ₂ –PdO/C的 i _{0,m为 ∼647 和 376 mA/mg金属}在酸和碱中，与商业 Pt/C 相比，高出 1.78 倍和 3.63 倍。与 PdO/C 相比，IrO ₂ -PdO/C中的少量 IrO _{2可提高其 HOR/HER 活性约 300 倍。}催化剂的IrO ₂或缺陷吸收OH _ad与相邻的H _ad在缺陷位点或界面处发生反应，从而通过双功能机制提高HER/HOR 性能。我们证明了交换电流和 H*/OH* 结合能之间的火山关系，证实 HBE 和 OHBE 是碱基中 HOR/HER 的相等描述符。不同电解质中的 HOR/HER 和增加的 Li ⁺离子表明 [(H ₂ O) _x -M ⁺ -OH_ad ] 双层影响碱基的 HOR/HER。这项工作可能会导致开发用于可再生能源技术的无 Pt 电催化剂。