No person, the Fifth Amendment promises, “shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” What it means “to be a witness” against oneself has been largely settled in American law since at least 1910, when Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote inUnited States v. Holtthat “the prohibition of compelling a man in a criminal court to be witness against himself is a prohibition of the use of physical or moral compulsion to extortcommunicationsfrom him. . . .” FromHolt, the general principle has been derived that the compulsion of physical, noncommunicative evidence from a defendant—such as a demonstration of the fitting of an article of cloth-ing, a handwriting exemplar, a blood sample, or even documents—does not trigger the protections of the Self-Incrimination Clause because compelling a defendant to produce such evidence does not compel the defendant to be a “witness.”

中文翻译：

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沉默和非证词

第五修正案承诺，任何人“不得在任何刑事案件中被迫作不利于自己的证人”。至少自 1910 年以来，美国法律已经在很大程度上确定了对自己“作证”的含义，当时法官 Oliver Wendell Holmes 在美国诉 Holt 案中写道：“禁止强迫一个人在刑事法庭上作不利于自己的证人”是禁止使用身体或精神上的强迫来敲诈他的通讯。. . 。” 从霍尔特那里得出的一般原则是，被告必须提供有形的、非交流性的证据——例如证明一件衣服的合身性、笔迹样本、血液样本、