The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause provides criminal defendants “an opportunity for effective cross-examination” at trial. Defendants—usually through their attorneys—must be able to question adverse witnesses in person. But the mere opportunity to ask questions might not be sufficient for the defendant to ascertain favorable information from the witness or discredit the witness. And other criminal-procedure doctrines like the rule of Brady v. Maryland may not provide the defendant with all the beneficial information he needs from a witness to make his case to the jury.

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保护有效交叉询问的机会：对抗条款和审前披露

第六修正案的对质条款在审判中为刑事被告提供了“有效盘问的机会”。被告——通常通过他们的律师——必须能够亲自询问不利的证人。但是，仅仅提出问题的机会可能不足以让被告从证人那里确定有利的信息或诋毁证人。而其他刑事程序学说，如布雷迪诉马里兰州的规则，可能无法向被告提供他需要从证人那里向陪审团陈述案情的所有有益信息。