<br>长期放牧改变森林土壤的生态状态,Ecology and Evolution

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长期放牧改变森林土壤的生态状态
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-03-31 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8786
Willem Proesmans ₁ , Christopher Andrews ₂ , Alan Gray ₂ , Rob Griffiths ₃ , Aidan Keith ₄ , Uffe N Nielsen ₅ , David Spurgeon ₆ , Richard Pywell ₆ , Bridget Emmett ₃ , Adam J Vanbergen _{1,

2}

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牛放牧深刻影响生态系统的非生物和生物特征。虽然大多数研究都是在草原上进行的，但大型管理的有蹄类动物对森林生态系统的影响在很大程度上被忽视了。与基线半自然状态相比，我们研究了桦树林斑块的长期放牧如何影响土壤子系统的非生物状态和生态群落（微生物和无脊椎动物）。放牧通过增加磷含量、pH 值和容重，同时降低碳氮比，强烈改变了土壤非生物环境。碳氮比的降低与微生物生物量的降低密切相关，这主要是由真菌生物量的减少引起的。这与食真菌线虫丰度和线虫通道指数的下降有关，表明线虫组合中细菌能量通道的重要性相对上升。放牧的牛高度改变了无脊椎动物群落的组成，产生了与半自然情况截然不同的组合。放牧（跳虫丰富度除外）和放牧相关的土壤 pH 值、奥尔森 P 变化以及土壤孔隙体积（堆积密度）的减少限制了生态位空间和物理干扰的避难所，从而持续降低了微型节肢动物的丰富度和丰度。无毛蚯蚓种类在放牧斑块中占主导地位，但在未放牧的森林中不存在，并且可能受益于粪便输入，而它们的深层垂直洞穴行为可以保护它们免受物理干扰。长期有蹄类动物放牧对白桦林栖息地的干扰深刻改变了土壤生物多样性，要么直接通过增加物理干扰和粪便输入，要么间接通过改变土壤非生物条件。比较分析揭示了森林系统中大型有蹄类食草动物通过微生物和无脊椎动物组合的组成和结构的重大变化而具有的生态系统工程潜力，包括通过真菌分解途径减少能量流的潜力。然而，物种营养相互作用和生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的确切后果仍有待确定。

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Long-term cattle grazing shifts the ecological state of forest soils

Cattle grazing profoundly affects abiotic and biotic characteristics of ecosystems. While most research has been performed on grasslands, the effect of large managed ungulates on forest ecosystems has largely been neglected. Compared to a baseline seminatural state, we investigated how long-term cattle grazing of birch forest patches affected the abiotic state and the ecological community (microbes and invertebrates) of the soil subsystem. Grazing strongly modified the soil abiotic environment by increasing phosphorus content, pH, and bulk density, while reducing the C:N ratio. The reduced C:N ratio was strongly associated with a lower microbial biomass, mainly caused by a reduction of fungal biomass. This was linked to a decrease in fungivorous nematode abundance and the nematode channel index, indicating a relative uplift in the importance of the bacterial energy-channel in the nematode assemblages. Cattle grazing highly modified invertebrate community composition producing distinct assemblages from the seminatural situation. Richness and abundance of microarthropods was consistently reduced by grazing (excepting collembolan richness) and grazing-associated changes in soil pH, Olsen P, and reduced soil pore volume (bulk density) limiting niche space and refuge from physical disturbance. Anecic earthworm species predominated in grazed patches, but were absent from ungrazed forest, and may benefit from manure inputs, while their deep vertical burrowing behavior protects them from physical disturbance. Perturbation of birch forest habitat by long-term ungulate grazing profoundly modified soil biodiversity, either directly through increased physical disturbance and manure input or indirectly by modifying soil abiotic conditions. Comparative analyses revealed the ecosystem engineering potential of large ungulate grazers in forest systems through major shifts in the composition and structure of microbial and invertebrate assemblages, including the potential for reduced energy flow through the fungal decomposition pathway. The precise consequences for species trophic interactions and biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships remain to be established, however.

更新日期：2022-03-31

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