ABSTRACT

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder. It occurs due to obstruction on the upper airway of respiration. This disorder can be either complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea). Interruption in breathing results in the production of a snoring sound, which is one of the prominent symptoms of OSA. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), hypertension, diabetes, etc. are some of the commonly occurring co-morbidities of OSA. OSA is common in the population of middle-aged and elderly people, but pediatric OSA is also eminent. The occurrence of the disease is higher in males. The increasing age, male gender, higher BMI, and comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome, and obesity are considered as risk factors and make individuals more prone to OSA. The quality of life (Qol) of the individuals also gets affected by the OSA. It also alters the circadian rhythm of various autonomic and biochemical activities of people with OSA. Although polysomnography is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of OSA, it is very costly and time-consuming. There are many portable monitoring devices and screening questionnaires for the diagnosis of OSA. Screening of OSA before polysomnography or portable monitoring is cost-effective, quick, and productive. In this review, we have highlighted scientific studies related to various factors associated with OSA in human subjects.