本文报道了一种用于早期检测亚硝酸盐的低成本、定量、即时护理解决方案，亚硝酸盐是尿路感染 (UTI) 的常见生物标志物。在健康个体中，尿液中不存在亚硝酸盐。然而，疑似患有尿路感染的受试者的尿液中会产生亚硝酸盐，因为存在的细菌会将硝酸盐转化为亚硝酸盐。传统上，亚硝酸盐是通过尿试纸来监测的，尿试纸可以通过肉眼读取或使用反射分光光度计来读取。两种方法最多只能提供半定量的阳性或阴性结果。在本文中，我们描述了一种新型、经济实惠、便携式透射比色计，用于定量测量亚硝酸盐。格里斯反应的独特排列针对尿液中亚硝酸盐的临床检测进行了优化并进行了报道。通过使用盐缓冲液、人造尿液和人尿样本中添加的亚硝酸盐，根据使用两种商用试纸分析仪 Urisys 1100（罗氏诊断）和 Clinitek Status+（西门子医疗解决方案）读取的试纸读数来评估比色计的性能。该比色计能够检测盐缓冲液中临床相关的亚硝酸盐范围（0.78 至 200 μM）。人工尿液的检测限确定为 1.6 μM，比商用试纸反射分析仪的灵敏度高约 16 倍，从而可以更早地检测泌尿道感染。该色度计使用现成组件（<80 美元）组装，并通过低能耗蓝牙由智能手机应用程序控制。它具有内置颜色校正算法，旨在对含有细菌或其他细胞碎片的样品进行浊度校正。 移动应用程序可以显示单个样品的亚硝酸盐浓度或显示一段时间内的结果。纵向跟踪尿液分析结果可以帮助识别趋势，例如亚硝酸盐浓度超过个人基线的增加，并更早识别可能的感染。虽然此处展示了亚硝酸盐的检测，但这种便携式分析仪可以扩展到其他基于比色的化学物质来检测一组生物标志物，这可以提高所需测定的整体灵敏度和特异性。
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Toward a Quantitative Colorimeter for Point-of-Care Nitrite Detection
This paper reports on a low-cost, quantitative, point-of-care solution for the early detection of nitrite, a common biomarker for urinary tract infections (UTIs). In a healthy individual, nitrite is not found in the urine. However, a subject with a suspected UTI will produce nitrite in their urine since the bacteria present will convert nitrate into nitrite. Traditionally, nitrite is monitored by urinary dipsticks that are either read by eye or using a reflectance spectrophotometer. Both methods provide a semiquantitative positive or negative result at best. In this paper, we described a novel, affordable, portable transmission-based colorimeter for the quantitative measurement of nitrite. A unique permutation of the Griess reaction was optimized for the clinical detection of nitrite in urine and is reported. By using nitrite spiked in a salt buffer, artificial, and human urine samples, the performance of the colorimeter was evaluated against dipsticks read using two commercial dipstick analyzers, Urisys 1100 (Roche Diagnostics) and Clinitek Status+ (Siemens Medical Solutions). The colorimeter was able to detect the clinically relevant range of nitrite from 0.78 to 200 μM in a salt buffer. The detection limit in artificial urine was determined as 1.6 μM, which is ∼16× more sensitive than commercial dipstick reflectance analyzers, enabling the possibility for earlier detection of urinary infections. The colorimeter is assembled using off-the-shelf components (<$80) and controlled by a smartphone application via low-energy bluetooth. It has a built-in color correction algorithm and is designed to enable for a turbidity correction in samples containing bacteria or other cellular debris as well. The mobile application can display the nitrite concentration for a single sample or display the results over a period of time. Tracking urinalysis results longitudinally can help identify trends such as increases in nitrite concentrations over an individual’s baseline and identify possible infections earlier. While the detection of nitrite was showcased here, this portable analyzer can be expanded to other colorimetric-based chemistries to detect a panel of biomarkers, which can improve the overall sensitivity and specificity of the desired assay.
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