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Irreversibility and Biased Ensembles in Active Matter: Insights from Stochastic Thermodynamics
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics ( IF 14.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 , DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032419
Étienne Fodor 1 , Robert L. Jack 2, 3 , Michael E. Cates 2
Affiliation  

Active systems evade the rules of equilibrium thermodynamics by constantly dissipating energy at the level of their microscopic components. This energy flux stems from the conversion of a fuel, present in the environment, into sustained individual motion. It can lead to collective effects without any equilibrium equivalent, some of which can be rationalized by using equilibrium tools to recapitulate nonequilibrium transitions. An important challenge is then to delineate systematically to what extent the character of these active transitions is genuinely distinct from equilibrium analogs. We review recent works that use stochastic thermodynamics tools to identify, for active systems, a measure of irreversibility comprising a coarse-grained or informatic entropy production. We describe how this relates to the underlying energy dissipation or thermodynamic entropy production, and how it is influenced by collective behavior. Then, we review the possibility of constructing thermodynamic ensembles out of equilibrium, where trajectories are biased toward atypical values of nonequilibrium observables. We show that this is a generic route to discovering unexpected phase transitions in active matter systems, which can also inform their design.

中文翻译:


活性物质中的不可逆性和有偏系综:随机热力学的见解

主动系统通过在其微观组件水平上不断耗散能量来规避平衡热力学规则。这种能量通量源于将存在于环境中的燃料转化为持续的个体运动。它可以导致没有任何平衡等价物的集体效应,其中一些可以通过使用平衡工具来概括非平衡转变来合理化。然后,一个重要的挑战是系统地描述这些主动转变的特征在多大程度上与平衡类似物真正不同。我们回顾了最近的工作,这些工作使用随机热力学工具来识别活动系统的不可逆性度量,包括粗粒度或信息熵产生。我们描述了这与潜在的能量耗散或热力学熵产生有何关系,以及它如何受到集体行为的影响。然后,我们回顾了构建非平衡热力学系综的可能性,其中轨迹偏向于非平衡可观测量的非典型值。我们表明,这是发现活性物质系统中意外相变的通用途径,这也可以为他们的设计提供信息。

更新日期:2022-03-10
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