The article examines the Soviet nationality policy in Belarus in 1944–1947 during the population exchange between the Soviet Union and Poland. Unlike in Lithuania and Ukraine, the authorities in Belarus prioritized keeping the labor force over national homogenization, determined nationality by territory of birth, and attempted to keep the people by designating them as Belarusians irrespective of their self-identification. The article argues that in Belarus, the population transfer was a combination of an exodus of refugees with the expulsion of Poles by the state. Although the declarations about the voluntary character of the resettlement were false, the direction of the compulsion varied, and this ambivalence opened up a space of limited autonomy in which the people could exercise agency. The Soviet ethnic cleansing remained incomplete in Soviet Belarus because of the competing urge to keep the labor force. Paradoxically, much of the demographic de-Polonization of new western territories of Soviet Belarus was achieved without the state’s commitment to ethnic cleansing and without the involvement of Belarusian nationalism.

文章考察了1944-1947年苏联与波兰人口交换期间白俄罗斯的苏联国籍政策。与立陶宛和乌克兰不同，白俄罗斯当局优先考虑保留劳动力而不是国家同质化，根据出生地区确定国籍，并试图通过将他们指定为白俄罗斯人来留住人民，而不管他们的自我认同如何。文章认为，在白俄罗斯，人口转移是难民外流与国家驱逐波兰人的结合。尽管关于移民自愿性质的声明是错误的，但强制的方向是多种多样的，这种矛盾心理开辟了一个有限的自治空间，人们可以在其中行使权力。由于保留劳动力的竞争冲动，苏联的种族清洗在苏维埃白俄罗斯仍未完成。矛盾的是，在没有国家对种族清洗的承诺和白俄罗斯民族主义参与的情况下，苏维埃白俄罗斯西部新领土的大部分人口去极化是实现的。