In this study, laminar mixed convection of water/Ag nanofluid with volume fraction of nanoparticles φ = 0, 2, 4, and 6% and Grashof numbers Gr = 50,000, 150,000, 250,000 and 400,000 and Richardson numbers Ri = 0.1, 1, and 10 are simulated using finite volume method. Obtained results indicate that adding a higher volume fraction of nanoparticles at lower Richardson numbers leads to the enhancement of heat transfer and Nusselt number. Streamlines behavior in the cavity is under the influence of two main factors including lid-driven motion (which is the basic factor) and the viscosity of fluid (which transfers the fluid motion to bottom layers and affects the flow domain). Every factor stimulating the flow domain causes uniform temperature distribution in the cavity. The increase of Richardson number leads to the enhancement of lid-driven velocity, temperature penetration and a better mixture of fluid layers, and by increasing Grashof number; this issue can have a great effect on uniform temperature distribution.

在这项研究中，水/Ag 纳米流体的层流混合对流与纳米粒子的体积分数 φ = 0、2、4 和 6% 和 Grashof 数Gr  = 50,000、150,000、250,000 和 400,000 和理查森数Ri = 0.1、1 和 10 使用有限体积法进行模拟。获得的结果表明，在较低的理查森数下添加更高体积分数的纳米粒子会导致传热和努塞尔数的增强。空腔中的流线行为受两个主要因素的影响，包括盖子驱动的运动（这是基本因素）和流体的粘度（将流体运动传递到底层并影响流动域）。刺激流动域的每个因素都会导致腔内的温度分布均匀。理查森数的增加导致盖驱动速度、温度渗透和更好的流体层混合以及格拉肖夫数的增加；这个问题会对均匀的温度分布产生很大的影响。