A longstanding tradition of research linking neighborhood disadvantage to higher rates of violence is based on the characteristics of where people reside. This Essay argues that we need to look beyond residential neighborhoods to consider flows of movement throughout the wider metropolis. Our basic premise is that a neighborhood’s well-being depends not only on its own socioeconomic conditions but also on the conditions of neighborhoods that its residents visit and are visited by—connections that form through networks of everyday urban mobility. Based on the analysis of large-scale urban-mobility data, we find that while residents of both advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhoods in Chicago travel far and wide, their relative isolation by race and class persists. Among large U.S. cities, Chicago’s level of racially segregated mobility is the second highest. Consistent with our major premise, we further show that mobility-based socioeconomic disadvantage predicts rates of violence in Chicago’s neighborhoods beyond their residence-based disadvantage and other neighborhood characteristics, including during recent years that witnessed surges in violence and other broad social changes. Racial disparities in mobility-based disadvantage are pronounced—more so than residential neighborhood disadvantage. We discuss implications of these findings for theories of neighborhood effects on crime and criminal justice contact, collective efficacy, and racial inequality.

将邻里劣势与较高的暴力发生率联系起来的长期研究传统是基于人们居住地的特征。这篇文章认为，我们需要超越住宅区来考虑整个大都市的流动流动。我们的基本前提是，一个社区的福祉不仅取决于其自身的社会经济条件，还取决于其居民访问和访问的社区的条件——通过日常城市交通网络形成的联系。基于对大规模城市交通数据的分析，我们发现，尽管芝加哥有利和不利社区的居民都在四处旅行，但他们因种族和阶级而相对孤立的现象仍然存在。在美国大城市中，芝加哥的种族隔离流动性水平位居第二。与我们的主要前提一致，我们进一步表明，基于流动性的社会经济劣势预测芝加哥社区的暴力率超出了基于居住的劣势和其他社区特征，包括近年来见证了暴力激增和其他广泛的社会变化。基于流动性的劣势中的种族差异很明显——比居住区劣势更为明显。我们讨论了这些发现对邻里对犯罪和刑事司法联系、集体效能和种族不平等的影响理论的影响。我们进一步表明，基于流动性的社会经济劣势预测芝加哥社区的暴力率超出了基于居住的劣势和其他社区特征，包括近年来见证了暴力激增和其他广泛的社会变化。基于流动性的劣势中的种族差异很明显——比居住区劣势更为明显。我们讨论了这些发现对邻里对犯罪和刑事司法联系、集体效能和种族不平等的影响理论的影响。我们进一步表明，基于流动性的社会经济劣势预测芝加哥社区的暴力率超出了基于居住的劣势和其他社区特征，包括近年来见证了暴力激增和其他广泛的社会变化。基于流动性的劣势中的种族差异很明显——比居住区劣势更为明显。我们讨论了这些发现对邻里对犯罪和刑事司法联系、集体效能和种族不平等的影响理论的影响。