中枢神经系统分区：脑屏障如何为 CNS 免疫特权和免疫监视建立细分,Journal of Internal Medicine

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中枢神经系统分区：脑屏障如何为 CNS 免疫特权和免疫监视建立细分
Journal of Internal Medicine ( IF 9.0 ) Pub Date : 2022-02-20 , DOI: 10.1111/joim.13469
Steven T Proulx ₁ , Britta Engelhardt ₁

Affiliation

中枢神经系统 (CNS) 协调我们所有的身体功能。中枢神经系统实质中的神经元通过电和化学信号的高速通信来完成这一计算任务，因此依赖于严格调节的稳态环境，该环境不允许包括免疫细胞在内的血液成分不受控制地进入。因此，CNS 与称为 CNS 免疫特权的免疫系统具有独特的关系。以前归因于血脑屏障的存在和中枢神经系统实质中缺乏淋巴管分别禁止与外周免疫系统的传出和传入连接，现在人们认识到中枢神经系统免疫监视是由细胞和非细胞脑屏障确保的这限制了免疫细胞和介质对中枢神经系统边界特定隔室的可及性。中枢神经系统免疫特权是由大脑屏障解剖结构建立的，类似于中世纪城堡的建筑，周围环绕着与城堡护城河接壤的两堵墙。为保护和防御这一位于 CNS 实质外周的两壁壁垒而建造，可容纳不同的免疫细胞亚群，并有效监测源自 CNS 实质内部或外部的潜在危险信号。它能够在蛛网膜下腔或血管周围空间内有效地增加免疫反应，同时使中枢神经系统实质相对不受干扰。在这项研究中，我们提出中枢神经系统免疫特权依赖于脑屏障的正常功能，这允许中枢神经系统免疫监视但禁止激活中枢神经系统实质的免疫反应，除非它受到直接损伤。

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Central nervous system zoning: How brain barriers establish subdivisions for CNS immune privilege and immune surveillance

The central nervous system (CNS) coordinates all our body functions. Neurons in the CNS parenchyma achieve this computational task by high speed communication via electrical and chemical signals and thus rely on a strictly regulated homeostatic environment, which does not tolerate uncontrolled entry of blood components including immune cells. The CNS thus has a unique relationship with the immune system known as CNS immune privilege. Previously ascribed to the presence of blood–brain barriers and the lack of lymphatic vessels in the CNS parenchyma prohibiting, respectively, efferent and afferent connections with the peripheral immune system, it is now appreciated that CNS immune surveillance is ensured by cellular and acellular brain barriers that limit immune cell and mediator accessibility to specific compartments at the borders of the CNS. CNS immune privilege is established by a brain barriers anatomy resembling the architecture of a medieval castle surrounded by two walls bordering a castle moat. Built for protection and defense this two-walled rampart at the outer perimeter of the CNS parenchyma allows for accommodation of different immune cell subsets and efficient monitoring of potential danger signals derived from inside or outside of the CNS parenchyma. It enables effective mounting of immune responses within the subarachnoid or perivascular spaces, while leaving the CNS parenchyma relatively undisturbed. In this study, we propose that CNS immune privilege rests on the proper function of the brain barriers, which allow for CNS immune surveillance but prohibit activation of immune responses from the CNS parenchyma unless it is directly injured.

更新日期：2022-02-20

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