James Buchanan wrote “An Economic Theory of Clubs” and invented clubs to support a form of welfare economics in which there is no social welfare function (SWF) and individual utility functions cannot be “read” by external observers. Clubs were a means to allow the implementation of individualized prices for public goods and services and to allow each individual to pay exactly the amount he wants to pay. He developed this project to answer and counter Paul Samuelson's analysis of public goods, in which social welfare functions play a crucial role. Buchanan and Samuelson disagreed over the allocation of the costs of the public good to each individual. To Buchanan, it was by relying on individual's preferences. To Samuelson, by using a SWF. Buchanan's clubs are thus foreign and incompatible with the traditional Samuelson-style public economics in which they are used.

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回顾：詹姆斯·布坎南：俱乐部和另类福利经济学

詹姆斯·布坎南（James Buchanan）撰写了“俱乐部经济理论”并发明了俱乐部以支持一种福利经济学形式，其中没有社会福利函数 (SWF)，并且外部观察者无法“解读”个人效用函数。俱乐部是一种允许对公共产品和服务实施个性化价格并允许每个人准确支付他想支付的金额的手段。他开发了这个项目来回答和反驳保罗萨缪尔森对公共物品的分析，其中社会福利功能起着至关重要的作用。布坎南和萨缪尔森在公共物品成本分配给每个人的问题上存在分歧。对布坎南来说，这取决于个人的喜好。对 Samuelson，使用 SWF。布坎南