Microchimica Acta ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-02-03 , DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05153-w Xi Chen 1 , Sameer Hussain 1 , Ansar Abbas 1 , Xuemeng Tian 1 , Ruixia Gao 1 , Yi Hao 2 , Akhtar H. Malik 3 , Huijia Song 4
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The emergence of conjugated polymers (CPs) has provided a pathway to attain smart multifunctional conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) with enhanced properties and diverse applications. CPNs based on π-extended CPs exhibit high fluorescence brightness, low cytotoxicity, excellent photostability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability, high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), etc. which endorse them as an excellent theranostic tool. Furthermore, the unique light-harvesting and energy transfer properties of CPNs enables their transformation into smart functional nanohybrids with augmented performance. Owing to such numerous features, simple preparation method and an easy separation process, the CPNs and their hybrids have been constantly rising as a frontrunner in the domain of medicine and much work has been done in the respective research area. This review summarizes the recent progress that has been made in the field of CPNs for biological and biomedical applications with special emphasis on biosensing, imaging, and theranostics. Following an introduction into the field, a first large section provides overview of the conventional as well as recently established synthetic methods for various types of CPNs. Then, the CPNs-based fluorometric assays for biomolecules based on different detection strategies have been described. Later on, examples of CPNs-based probes for imaging, both in vitro and in vivo using cancer cells and animal models have been explored. The next section highlighted the vital theranostic applications of CPNs and corresponding nanohybrids, mainly via imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and drug delivery. The last section summarizes the current challenges and gives an outlook on the potential future trends on CPNs as advanced healthcare material.
Graphical abstract
中文翻译：
共轭聚合物纳米粒子及其纳米杂化物作为智能光致发光和光响应材料用于生物传感、成像和治疗诊断
共轭聚合物（CPs）的出现为获得具有增强性能和多种应用的智能多功能共轭聚合物纳米颗粒（CPNs）提供了途径。基于 π 扩展的 CPs 的 CPNs 具有高荧光亮度、低细胞毒性、优异的光稳定性、活性氧 (ROS) 生成能力、高光热转换效率 (PCE) 等特点，使其成为一种优秀的治疗诊断工具。此外，CPNs独特的光捕获和能量转移特性使其能够转化为具有增强性能的智能功能纳米杂化物。由于具有如此多的特点，制备方法简单，分离过程容易，CPNs 及其杂种作为医学领域的领跑者不断上升，并且在各自的研究领域做了大量工作。这篇综述总结了 CPNs 在生物和生物医学应用领域取得的最新进展，特别强调了生物传感、成像和治疗诊断学。在对该领域进行介绍之后，第一大节概述了传统的以及最近建立的各种类型 CPN 的合成方法。然后，描述了基于不同检测策略的基于 CPNs 的生物分子荧光测定。后来，已经探索了使用癌细胞和动物模型进行体外和体内成像的基于 CPN 的探针的示例。下一节重点介绍了 CPN 和相应纳米杂化物的重要治疗诊断应用，主要通过成像引导的光动力疗法 (PDT)、光热疗法 (PTT) 和药物输送。最后一部分总结了当前面临的挑战，并对 CPN 作为先进医疗保健材料的潜在未来趋势进行了展望。
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