In recent years, the evaluation of the structural properties of food has become of crucial importance in the understanding of food-related disorders. One of the most exciting systems is gliadin, a protein in wheat gluten, that plays a protagonist role in gluten-related disorders with a worldwide prevalence of 5%, including autoimmune celiac disease (CeD) (1%) and non-celiac wheat sensitivity (0.5-13%). It is accepted that gliadin is not fully digested by humans, producing large peptides that reach the gut mucosa. The gliadin peptides cross the lamina propria eliciting different immune responses in susceptible patients. Many clinical and biomedical efforts aim to diagnose and understand gluten-related disorders; meanwhile, the early stages of the inflammatory events remain elusive. Interestingly, although the primary sequence of many gliadin peptides is well known, it was only recently revealed the self-assembly capability of two pathogenic gliadin fragments and their connection to the early stage of diseases. This review is dedicated to the most relevant biophysical characterization of the complex gliadin digest and the two most studied gliadin fragments, the immunodominant 33-mer peptide and the toxic p31-43 in connection with inflammation and innate immune response. Here, we want to emphasize that combining different biophysical methods with cellular and in vivo models is of key importance to get an integrative understanding of a complex biological problem, as discussed here.

中文翻译：

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麦醇溶蛋白蛋白水解抗性肽：面筋相关疾病中结构和自组装之间的相互作用。

近年来，对食物结构特性的评价对于理解食物相关疾病变得至关重要。最令人兴奋的系统之一是麦醇溶蛋白，它是小麦面筋中的一种蛋白质，它在全球患病率为 5% 的面筋相关疾病中起主要作用，包括自身免疫性腹腔疾病 (CeD) (1%) 和非腹腔小麦敏感性(0.5-13%)。人们普遍认为麦醇溶蛋白不被人类完全消化，产生到达肠道黏膜的大肽。麦醇溶蛋白肽穿过固有层，在易感患者中引发不同的免疫反应。许多临床和生物医学工作旨在诊断和了解麸质相关疾病；与此同时，炎症事件的早期阶段仍然难以捉摸。有趣的是，尽管许多麦醇溶蛋白肽的一级序列是众所周知的，但直到最近才揭示了两个致病性麦醇溶蛋白片段的自组装能力及其与疾病早期阶段的联系。这篇综述致力于复杂麦醇溶蛋白消化物和两个研究最多的麦醇溶蛋白片段的最相关的生物物理特征，即与炎症和先天免疫反应相关的免疫优势 33-mer 肽和毒性 p31-43。在这里，我们要强调的是，将不同的生物物理方法与细胞和体内模型相结合对于综合理解复杂的生物学问题至关重要，如此处所讨论的。这篇综述致力于复杂麦醇溶蛋白消化物和两个研究最多的麦醇溶蛋白片段的最相关的生物物理特征，即与炎症和先天免疫反应相关的免疫优势 33-mer 肽和毒性 p31-43。在这里，我们要强调的是，将不同的生物物理方法与细胞和体内模型相结合对于综合理解复杂的生物学问题至关重要，如此处所讨论的。这篇综述致力于复杂麦醇溶蛋白消化物和两个研究最多的麦醇溶蛋白片段的最相关的生物物理特征，即与炎症和先天免疫反应相关的免疫优势 33-mer 肽和毒性 p31-43。在这里，我们要强调的是，将不同的生物物理方法与细胞和体内模型相结合对于综合理解复杂的生物学问题至关重要，如此处所讨论的。