Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Marine Animal Species, as a Potential Source of Food Contamination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,Acta Parasitologica

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Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Marine Animal Species, as a Potential Source of Food Contamination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Acta Parasitologica ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-17 , DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00507-z
Ehsan Ahmadpour _{1,

2} , Mohamad Taghi Rahimi ₃ , Altin Ghojoghi ₄ , Fatemeh Rezaei ₅ , Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi ₆ , Sónia M R Oliveira _{7,

8} , Maria de Lourdes Pereira _{7,

9} , Hamidreza Majidiani ₁₀ , Abolghasem Siyadatpanah ₁₁ , Samira Elhamirad ₁₂ , Wei Cong ₁₃ , Abdol Sattar Pagheh ₁₂

Affiliation

Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgān, Iran.
Islamic Azad University of Chalus Branch, Chalus, Iran.
School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Ferdows Paramedical School, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 9717853577, Birjand, Iran.
Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China.

Purpose

Many marine animals are infected and susceptible to toxoplasmosis, which is considered as a potential transmission source of Toxoplasma gondii to other hosts, especially humans. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection among sea animal species worldwide and highlight the existing gaps.

Methods

Data collection was systematically done through searching databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science from 1997 to July 2020.

Results

Our search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 55 eligible studies reporting the prevalence of marine T. gondii infection. The highest prevalence belonged to mustelids (sea otter) with 54.8% (95% CI 34.21–74.57) and cetaceans (whale, dolphin, and porpoise) with 30.92% (95% CI 17.85–45.76). The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with 41 records and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with 30 records were the most applied diagnostic techniques for T. gondii detection in marine species.

Conclusions

Our results indicated the geographic distribution and spectrum of infected marine species with T. gondii in different parts of the world. The spread of T. gondii among marine animals can affect the health of humans and other animals; in addition, it is possible that marine mammals act as sentinels of environmental contamination, especially the parasites by consuming water or prey species.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

海洋动物弓形虫感染作为食品污染的潜在来源：系统评价和荟萃分析

目的

许多海洋动物被感染并易患弓形虫病，这被认为是弓形虫向其他宿主（尤其是人类）的潜在传播源。当前的系统评价和荟萃分析旨在确定全球海洋动物物种中弓形虫感染的流行情况并强调现有的差距。

方法

1997年至2020年7月，通过搜索数据库系统地收集数据，包括PubMed、Science Direct、Google Scholar、Scopus和Web of Science。

结果

我们的检索策略检索到了 55 项符合条件的研究，报告了海洋弓形虫感染的流行情况。患病率最高的是鼬科动物（海獭），占 54.8%（95% CI 34.21–74.57），鲸目动物（鲸鱼、海豚和鼠海豚）占 30.92%（95% CI 17.85–45.76）。显微凝集试验（MAT）有41条记录，间接免疫荧光分析（IFA）有30条记录，是海洋物种弓形虫检测中应用最多的诊断技术。