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Field Evaluation of a Potential Exposure Biomarker of Methylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Association between Urinary Phenanthrene-2-carboxylic Acid and Personal Exposure to 2-Methylphenanthrene
Environmental Science & Technology Letters ( IF 8.9 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00938 Yan Lin 1 , Hanxiyue Zhang 2 , Yiqun Han 2 , Xinghua Qiu 2 , Xing Jiang 2 , Zhen Cheng 2 , Yanwen Wang 2 , Xi Chen 2 , Yunfei Fan 2 , Weiju Li 3 , Junfeng Zhang 1 , Tong Zhu 2
Environmental Science & Technology Letters ( IF 8.9 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00938 Yan Lin 1 , Hanxiyue Zhang 2 , Yiqun Han 2 , Xinghua Qiu 2 , Xing Jiang 2 , Zhen Cheng 2 , Yanwen Wang 2 , Xi Chen 2 , Yunfei Fan 2 , Weiju Li 3 , Junfeng Zhang 1 , Tong Zhu 2
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Previous in vitro studies identified carboxylic acids as the major metabolites of methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We have previously detected phenanthrene-2-carboxylic acid (2-PHECA) in human urine, but a direct linkage between this biomarker and external exposure to methylated PAHs remains unestablished. Herein, we analyzed phenanthrene (PHE) and 2-MePHE in 589 personal PM2.5 samples and hydroxy-phenanthrenes (ΣOH-PHEs) and 2-PHECA in paired urine samples from 120 urban residents. We observed higher personal 2-MePHE and PHE exposure but lower urinary 2-PHECA and ΣOH-PHEs levels in the heating season, possibly due to changes in gas-particle partitioning, dietary source, and metabolism. After adjusting for seasonal effects, urinary 2-PHECA concentrations were significantly associated with personal exposure to 2-MePHE but not PHE. We also found significant associations between the urinary 2-PHECA/ΣOH-PHEs ratio and personal 2-MePHE/PHE ratio, an indicator for the petrogenic versus pyrogenic sources. Alcohol consumption was identified as an influencing factor for the 2-PHECA level and 2-PHECA/ΣOH-PHEs ratio, likely via competing the metabolism of 2-MePHE by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. These results suggest the potential usefulness of the urinary 2-PHECA level as a biomarker of methylated PAH exposure and the 2-PHECA/ΣOH-PHEs ratio as a biomarker for the relative importance of petrogenic or pyrogenic sources.
中文翻译：
甲基化多环芳烃潜在暴露生物标志物的现场评估：尿菲-2-羧酸与个人暴露于 2-甲基菲之间的关联
先前的体外研究确定羧酸是甲基化多环芳烃 (PAHs) 的主要代谢物。我们之前已在人尿中检测到菲-2-羧酸 (2-PHECA)，但该生物标志物与外部暴露于甲基化 PAH 之间的直接联系仍未确定。在此，我们分析了 589 个人 PM 2.5中的菲 (PHE) 和 2-MePHE来自 120 名城市居民的配对尿液样本中的样本和羟基菲 (ΣOH-PHE) 和 2-PHECA。我们观察到在供暖季节，个人 2-MePHE 和 PHE 暴露量较高，但尿 2-PHECA 和 ΣOH-PHEs 水平较低，这可能是由于气体颗粒分配、饮食来源和新陈代谢的变化。调整季节性影响后，尿 2-PHECA 浓度与个人接触 2-MePHE 显着相关，但与 PHE 无关。我们还发现尿 2-PHECA/ΣOH-PHEs 比率与个人 2-MePHE/PHE 比率之间存在显着关联，后者是岩源与热源的指标。酒精消耗被确定为 2-PHECA 水平和 2-PHECA/ΣOH-PHEs 比率的影响因素，可能是通过酒精和醛脱氢酶竞争 2-MePHE 的代谢。
更新日期：2022-02-09
中文翻译：
甲基化多环芳烃潜在暴露生物标志物的现场评估：尿菲-2-羧酸与个人暴露于 2-甲基菲之间的关联
先前的体外研究确定羧酸是甲基化多环芳烃 (PAHs) 的主要代谢物。我们之前已在人尿中检测到菲-2-羧酸 (2-PHECA)，但该生物标志物与外部暴露于甲基化 PAH 之间的直接联系仍未确定。在此，我们分析了 589 个人 PM 2.5中的菲 (PHE) 和 2-MePHE来自 120 名城市居民的配对尿液样本中的样本和羟基菲 (ΣOH-PHE) 和 2-PHECA。我们观察到在供暖季节，个人 2-MePHE 和 PHE 暴露量较高，但尿 2-PHECA 和 ΣOH-PHEs 水平较低，这可能是由于气体颗粒分配、饮食来源和新陈代谢的变化。调整季节性影响后，尿 2-PHECA 浓度与个人接触 2-MePHE 显着相关，但与 PHE 无关。我们还发现尿 2-PHECA/ΣOH-PHEs 比率与个人 2-MePHE/PHE 比率之间存在显着关联，后者是岩源与热源的指标。酒精消耗被确定为 2-PHECA 水平和 2-PHECA/ΣOH-PHEs 比率的影响因素，可能是通过酒精和醛脱氢酶竞争 2-MePHE 的代谢。
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