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Phthalate Esters Released from Plastics Promote Biofilm Formation and Chlorine Resistance
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-07 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04857 Haibo Wang 1 , Pingfeng Yu 2, 3 , Cory Schwarz 3 , Bo Zhang 4 , Lixin Huo 1 , Baoyou Shi 1 , Pedro J J Alvarez 3
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-07 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04857 Haibo Wang 1 , Pingfeng Yu 2, 3 , Cory Schwarz 3 , Bo Zhang 4 , Lixin Huo 1 , Baoyou Shi 1 , Pedro J J Alvarez 3
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Phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly released from plastic pipes in some water distribution systems. Here, we show that exposure to a low concentration (1–10 μg/L) of three PAEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) promotes Pseudomonas biofilm formation and resistance to free chlorine. At PAE concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 μg/L, genes coding for quorum sensing, extracellular polymeric substances excretion, and oxidative stress resistance were upregulated by 2.7- to 16.8-fold, 2.1- to 18.9-fold, and 1.6- to 9.9-fold, respectively. Accordingly, more biofilm matrix was produced and the polysaccharide and eDNA contents increased by 30.3–82.3 and 10.3–39.3%, respectively, relative to the unexposed controls. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that PAE exposure stimulated biofilm densification (volumetric fraction increased from 27.1 to 38.0–50.6%), which would hinder disinfectant diffusion. Biofilm densification was verified by atomic force microscopy, which measured an increase of elastic modulus by 2.0- to 3.2-fold. PAE exposure also stimulated the antioxidative system, with cell-normalized superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione activities increasing by 1.8- to 3.0-fold, 1.0- to 2.0-fold, and 1.2- to 1.6-fold, respectively. This likely protected cells against oxidative damage by chlorine. Overall, we demonstrate that biofilm exposure to environmentally relevant levels of PAEs can upregulate molecular processes and physiologic changes that promote biofilm densification and antioxidative system expression, which enhance biofilm resistance to disinfectants.
中文翻译：
塑料中释放的邻苯二甲酸酯促进生物膜形成和耐氯性
在某些配水系统中，邻苯二甲酸酯 (PAE) 通常从塑料管道中释放出来。在这里，我们展示了暴露于低浓度（1-10 μg/L）的三种 PAE（邻苯二甲酸二甲酯 (DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二正己酯 (DnHP) 和邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基己酯) (DEHP) ) 促进假单胞菌生物膜的形成和对游离氯的抵抗力。在 PAE 浓度范围为 1 至 5 μg/L 时，编码群体感应、细胞外聚合物物质排泄和抗氧化应激的基因分别上调 2.7 至 16.8 倍、2.1 至 18.9 倍和 1.6 至 9.9 倍分别折叠。因此，相对于未暴露的对照，产生了更多的生物膜基质，多糖和 eDNA 含量分别增加了 30.3-82.3 和 10.3-39.3%。共聚焦激光扫描显微镜显示 PAE 暴露刺激生物膜致密化（体积分数从 27.1 增加到 38.0-50.6%），这将阻碍消毒剂的扩散。生物膜致密化通过原子力显微镜验证，其测量弹性模量增加了 2.0 至 3.2 倍。PAE 暴露也刺激了抗氧化系统，细胞标准化超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽活性分别增加 1.8 至 3.0 倍、1.0 至 2.0 倍和 1.2 至 1.6 倍。这可能保护细胞免受氯的氧化损伤。总体而言，我们证明生物膜暴露于环境相关水平的 PAE 可以上调促进生物膜致密化和抗氧化系统表达的分子过程和生理变化，从而增强生物膜对消毒剂的抵抗力。
更新日期：2022-01-18
中文翻译：
塑料中释放的邻苯二甲酸酯促进生物膜形成和耐氯性
在某些配水系统中，邻苯二甲酸酯 (PAE) 通常从塑料管道中释放出来。在这里，我们展示了暴露于低浓度（1-10 μg/L）的三种 PAE（邻苯二甲酸二甲酯 (DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二正己酯 (DnHP) 和邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基己酯) (DEHP) ) 促进假单胞菌生物膜的形成和对游离氯的抵抗力。在 PAE 浓度范围为 1 至 5 μg/L 时，编码群体感应、细胞外聚合物物质排泄和抗氧化应激的基因分别上调 2.7 至 16.8 倍、2.1 至 18.9 倍和 1.6 至 9.9 倍分别折叠。因此，相对于未暴露的对照，产生了更多的生物膜基质，多糖和 eDNA 含量分别增加了 30.3-82.3 和 10.3-39.3%。共聚焦激光扫描显微镜显示 PAE 暴露刺激生物膜致密化（体积分数从 27.1 增加到 38.0-50.6%），这将阻碍消毒剂的扩散。生物膜致密化通过原子力显微镜验证，其测量弹性模量增加了 2.0 至 3.2 倍。PAE 暴露也刺激了抗氧化系统，细胞标准化超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽活性分别增加 1.8 至 3.0 倍、1.0 至 2.0 倍和 1.2 至 1.6 倍。这可能保护细胞免受氯的氧化损伤。总体而言，我们证明生物膜暴露于环境相关水平的 PAE 可以上调促进生物膜致密化和抗氧化系统表达的分子过程和生理变化，从而增强生物膜对消毒剂的抵抗力。
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