In the second half of the twentieth century, twin and family studies established beyond a reasonable doubt that all forms of psychopathology are substantially heritable and highly polygenic. These conclusions were simultaneously an important theoretical advance and a difficult methodological obstacle, as it became clear that heritability is universal and undifferentiated across forms of psychopathology, and the radical polygenicity of genetic effects limits the biological insight provided by genetically informed studies at the phenotypic level. The paradigm-shifting revolution brought on by the Human Genome Project has recapitulated the great methodological promise and the profound theoretical difficulties of the twin study era. We review these issues using the rubric of genetic architecture, which we define as a search for specific genetic insight that adds to the general conclusion that psychopathology is heritable and polygenic. Although significant problems remain, we see many promising avenues for progress.

中文翻译：

---

我们对精神病理学的遗传结构了解多少？


在 20 世纪下半叶，双胞胎和家庭研究毫无疑问地确定了所有形式的精神病理学基本上都是可遗传的并且高度多基因的。这些结论同时是一个重要的理论进步和一个困难的方法学障碍，因为很明显，遗传性在各种形式的精神病理学中是普遍且无差别的，而遗传效应的激进多基因性限制了遗传学研究在表型水平上提供的生物学洞察力。人类基因组计划带来的范式转换革命概括了孪生研究时代的巨大方法论前景和深刻的理论难题。我们使用遗传结构的标题来回顾这些问题，我们将其定义为寻找特定的遗传洞察力，这增加了精神病理学是可遗传和多基因的一般结论。尽管仍然存在重大问题，但我们看到了许多有希望的进展途径。