Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-01-04 , DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03866-8 Dianlong Ge 1, 2 , Jijuan Zhou 1, 2 , Yajing Chu 1, 2 , Yan Lu 1, 3 , Xue Zou 1 , Lei Xia 1 , Yawei Liu 1 , Chaoqun Huang 1 , Chengyin Shen 1, 3 , Liwei Zhang 3 , Huanzhong Wang 3 , Yannan Chu 1
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By means of glass bottle sampling followed by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) technique, the change characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breaths, between before gargling and after gargling, were investigated, respectively, in 41 healthy subjects and 50 esophageal cancer patients. Using an untargeted strategy, 143 VOC chromatographic peaks were enrolled in the statistical analysis. Based on the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), the VOC variations after gargling for each breath test group were obtained according to the combined criteria of variable importance in projection (VIP > 1.5), Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < 0.05), and fold change (FC > 2.0). When gargled, the levels of indole, phenol, 1-propanol, and p-cresol in the breath of healthy people decreased; meanwhile, for esophageal cancer patients, the declined VOCs in breath were indole, phenol, dimethyl disulfide, and p-cresol. Particularly, these substances were previously reported as breath biomarkers in some diseases such as esophageal, gastric, thyroid, breast, oral, and lung cancers, as well as certain non-cancer disorders. The present work indicates that expiratory VOCs involve the prominent oral cavity source, and in the breath biomarkers study, the potential impact that originates from oral volatiles should be considered. In view of the present results, it is also proposed that gargle pretreatment could eliminate possible interference from the oral cavity VOCs that might benefit breath biomarker investigation.
Graphical abstract
中文翻译：
区分口腔源 VOC 并控制其对呼吸生物标志物的潜在影响
采用玻璃瓶取样后固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱（SPME-GC-MS）技术，分别研究了漱口前和漱口后呼吸中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的变化特征。 ，在 41 名健康受试者和 50 名食道癌患者中。使用非靶向策略，143 个 VOC 色谱峰被纳入统计分析。基于正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA），根据预测变量重要性（VIP>1.5）、Wilcoxon符号秩检验（P< 0.05) 和倍数变化 (FC > 2.0)。漱口时，健康人呼吸中的吲哚、苯酚、1-丙醇和对甲酚含量降低；同时，对于食管癌患者，呼吸中挥发性有机化合物含量下降的有吲哚、苯酚、二甲基二硫和对甲酚。特别是，这些物质以前曾被报道为某些疾病的呼吸生物标志物，例如食道癌、胃癌、甲状腺癌、乳腺癌、口腔癌和肺癌，以及某些非癌症疾病。目前的工作表明呼气 VOCs 涉及主要的口腔来源，在呼吸生物标志物研究中，应考虑源自口腔挥发物的潜在影响。鉴于目前的结果，
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