With the increasing global antibiotic uses in livestock husbandry, animal manures upon land application pose potential threats to the environments and soil microbiome. Nevertheless, effects of manures and antibiotic-administered manures on soil protists, an integral component of soil food web and primary regulators of bacteria, remain unknown. Here, we assessed impacts of cattle and poultry manures with or without an antibiotic tylosin on soil protists and their functional groups in a 130-day microcosm incubation. Protists were highly responsive to manure application, with a significant decline in their alpha diversity in all manure treatments. There were also significant temporal changes in the alpha diversity and composition of soil protists and their functional groups. Poultry manures had stronger negative influences on the community structure of protists compared to cattle manures, and more pronounced effects on protists were observed in tylosin-spiked manure treatments. Furthermore, many consumer, phototrophic and parasitic taxa were highly susceptible to all manure treatments at Day 50 and 130. Altogether, our findings demonstrate negative effects of animal manures and tylosin on soil protists. This study suggests that the applications of livestock manures and antibiotics may subsequently alter ecological functions of protists and their interactions with other soil microorganisms in agricultural systems.

随着全球抗生素在畜牧业中使用的增加，土地施用的动物粪便对环境和土壤微生物组构成潜在威胁。然而，粪肥和施用抗生素的粪肥对土壤原生生物（土壤食物网的一个组成部分和细菌的主要调节剂）的影响仍然未知。在这里，我们在 130 天的缩影孵化中评估了含有或不含抗生素泰乐菌素的牛和家禽粪便对土壤原生生物及其功能组的影响。原生生物对施肥高度敏感，在所有施肥处理中它们的 alpha 多样性显着下降。土壤原生生物及其功能组的α多样性和组成也存在显着的时间变化。与牛粪相比，家禽粪肥对原生生物群落结构的负面影响更强，并且在泰乐菌素添加的粪肥处理中观察到对原生生物的更明显影响。此外，许多消费者、光养和寄生类群在第 50 天和第 130 天对所有粪便处理高度敏感。总而言之，我们的研究结果表明动物粪便和泰乐菌素对土壤原生生物的负面影响。这项研究表明，牲畜粪便和抗生素的应用可能随后改变原生生物的生态功能及其与农业系统中其他土壤微生物的相互作用。光养和寄生类群在第 50 天和第 130 天对所有粪便处理高度敏感。总而言之，我们的研究结果表明动物粪便和泰乐菌素对土壤原生生物的负面影响。这项研究表明，牲畜粪便和抗生素的应用可能随后改变原生生物的生态功能及其与农业系统中其他土壤微生物的相互作用。光养和寄生类群在第 50 天和第 130 天对所有粪便处理高度敏感。总而言之，我们的研究结果表明动物粪便和泰乐菌素对土壤原生生物的负面影响。这项研究表明，牲畜粪便和抗生素的应用可能随后改变原生生物的生态功能及其与农业系统中其他土壤微生物的相互作用。