The main aim of this study is to develop the vacuum pour-casting process of the red phosphorus smoke agents. The typical composition of MK 58 marine location marker prepared by tamp-casting process is red phosphorus (RP)/magnesium (Mg)/manganese dioxide (MnO₂)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/epoxy resin (ER), which was selected as the original formula. Epoxy resin (ER) was replaced by hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as the binder. First of all, simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (STA DSC-TGA) and vacuum stability tester (VST) were used to analyze the thermochemical characteristics, stability and chemical compatibility of the formula. Afterwards, Taguchi's experimental design method was used to design nine experimental conditions by way of orthogonal array with four control factors and three levels, and the scaled-down smoke pellets were prepared using the vacuum pour-casting method. The combustion phenomenon of these smoke pellets was recorded by the visual-image capture system, and the flame temperature was measured by the temperature measurement system. The burning rate was chosen as the quality characteristic to analyze the optimal parameter combination of minimum burning rate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), tensile testing machine (TTM) and hardness tester (HT) were employed to observe the uniformity of the composition distribution in the pellet and to measure the mechanical strength and hardness of the pellets. Smoke density test chamber (SDTC) was used to measure the specific optical density of smoke generated by RP smoke agent. Finally, the operating conditions of the optimal parameter combination determined by Taguchi method were used to prepare the full-size smoke candle, and its burning performance was verified and the feasibility of the vacuum pour-casting technology was evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the optimal combination of parameters was the RP mixture/HTPB mass ratio of 84 : 16, the NCO/OH ratio of IPDI to HTPB (R value) of 1.6, the additional DOA of 4.5 wt % and the curing temperature of 50 °C. The prepared scaled-down smoke pellets had good stability, chemical compatibility, hardness, mechanical properties and burning smoke density. In addition, the burning time and performance of the full-size smoke candles prepared by vacuum pour-casting technology also met the requirements.

中文翻译：

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以HTPB为粘合剂的浇注型红磷发烟剂的制备与表征

本研究的主要目的是开发红磷烟剂的真空浇铸工艺。MK 58型海洋定位标记的典型成分是红磷（RP）/镁（Mg）/二氧化锰（MnO ₂)/氧化锌(ZnO)/环氧树脂(ER)，选择原配方。环氧树脂（ER）被羟基封端的聚丁二烯（HTPB）代替作为粘合剂。首先，采用同步差示扫描量热-热重分析（STA DSC-TGA）和真空稳定性测试仪（VST）对配方的热化学特性、稳定性和化学相容性进行分析。之后，采用田口的实验设计方法，通过四控制因子和三个水平的正交阵列设计了九个实验条件，并采用真空浇铸法制备了缩小尺寸的烟弹。这些烟雾颗粒的燃烧现象由视觉图像捕获系统记录，火焰温度由温度测量系统测量。选择燃烧速率作为质量特性，分析最小燃烧速率的最佳参数组合。此外，采用扫描电子显微镜结合能量色散谱（SEM-EDS）、拉伸试验机（TTM）和硬度计（HT）观察丸粒中成分分布的均匀性，并测量机械强度和硬度的颗粒。烟密度试验箱(SDTC)用于测量RP发烟剂产生的烟的比光密度。最后，采用田口法确定的最佳参数组合的操作条件制备全尺寸烟烛，验证其燃烧性能，评估真空浇注技术的可行性。实验结果表明，最佳参数组合为RP混合物/HTPB质量比为84:16、IPDI与HTPB的NCO/OH比（R值）为1.6、附加DOA为4.5wt%和固化温度50°C。制备的按比例缩小的烟弹具有良好的稳定性、化学相容性、硬度、力学性能和燃烧烟气密度。此外，采用真空浇注技术制备的全尺寸烟熏蜡烛的燃烧时间和性能也符合要求。机械性能和燃烧烟密度。此外，采用真空浇注技术制备的全尺寸烟熏蜡烛的燃烧时间和性能也符合要求。机械性能和燃烧烟密度。此外，采用真空浇注技术制备的全尺寸烟熏蜡烛的燃烧时间和性能也符合要求。