山茱萸 (Cornus L.) 内果皮的形态学和内部结构在该属的分类学和系统发育中,PeerJ

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山茱萸 (Cornus L.) 内果皮的形态学和内部结构在该属的分类学和系统发育中
PeerJ ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-10-28 , DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12170
Maria Morozowska ₁ , Agata Woźnicka ₂ , Renata Nowińska ₁

Affiliation

山茱萸属以其复杂的分类学和极端的多态性而闻名。目前，山茱萸分为四个形态组，反映在四个系统发育进化枝中：蓝或白果山茱萸（BW）、山茱萸樱桃（CC）、大苞山茱萸（BB）和矮山茱萸（DW）。本研究是一系列论文的延续，这些论文始于对 BW 物种内果皮形态多样性的检查。对22种山茱萸的内果皮进行了形态学、内部结构和雕塑研究；目的是评估所检查性状的分类重要性，并检查内果皮分化是否支持已发表的系统发育，根据该系统发育，属内的关系表示为 (BW(CC(DW-BB)))。在量词中，内果皮的长度、厚度和宽度、其长宽比以及其表面维管束的数量被认为在分类学上很重要。在定性性状方面，证明了石形、内果皮顶端和基部轮廓、内果皮表面维管束的位置以及内果皮侧壁上是否存在顶腔和明显的沟纹的分类学意义。此外，确定了在给定字符状态中具有 100% 份额的统一定性字符。山茱萸樱桃和矮山茱萸的特点是存在四个统一的特征。在大苞片组中，发现了两个统一的字符。蓝色或白色果实的物种是最异质的，没有统一的特征。关于内果皮的内部结构，发现内果皮壁和隔膜中分泌腔的存在、外内果皮中晶体的存在、过渡巩膜区的细胞层数以及初级和次级雕塑在分类学上具有重要意义。此外，山茱萸内果皮的比较分析发现以下参数有用：发芽瓣厚度、内果皮壁厚与内果皮直径的比率以及隔膜的宽度和结构。由于所考察的性格差异很大，很难明确地验证研究假设。计算出的内果皮定性和数量性状的相似系数显示，DW和BB组内果皮的形态相似度最高，支持基于分子证据的系统发育关系。内果皮表面维管束的数量是最支持这种相似性的特征。对定性性状单独计算的相似系数显示了 CC-DW 组之间最接近的相似性。然而，这些结果并不直接反映任何已发表的系统发育。

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The morphology and internal structure of dogwood (Cornus L.) endocarps in the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus

The genus Cornus is known for its complicated taxonomy and extreme polymorphism. Currently, dogwoods are classified into four morphological groups reflected in four phylogenetic clades: blue- or white-fruited dogwoods (BW), cornelian cherries (CC), big-bracted dogwoods (BB), and dwarf dogwoods (DW). The present study is a continuation of a series of papers that started with the examination of the endocarp morphological diversity among BW species. The endocarps of 22 Cornus species were studied according to their morphology, internal structure, and sculpture; the aim was to evaluate the taxonomic importance of the examined characters and check whether endocarp differentiation supports the published phylogenies, according to which the relationships within the genus are indicated as (BW(CC(DW-BB))). Among the quantitative characters, the endocarp’s length, thickness, and width, its length/width ratio, and the number of vascular bundles on its surface were considered taxonomically important. Regarding the qualitative characters, the taxonomic significance of the stone shape, the endocarp apex and base outline, the position of vascular bundles on the endocarp surface, and the presence of the apical cavity and distinct furrow on the endocarp side walls was proved. Additionally, the uniform qualitative characters having a 100% share of a given character state were identified. Cornelian cherries and dwarf dogwoods were characterised by the presence of four uniform characters. In the big-bracted group, two uniform characters were found. Blue- or white-fruited species were the most heterogeneous, with no uniform characters. Regarding the endocarp’s internal structure, the presence of secretory cavities in the endocarp wall and in the septa, the presence of crystals in the outer endocarp, the number of cell layers in the transition sclereid zone, and the primary and secondary sculptures were found to be taxonomically significant. Additionally, the comparative analyses of dogwood endocarps found the following parameters to be useful: the germination valve thickness, the ratio of endocarp wall thickness to endocarp diameter, and the septum’s width and structure. Due to the great differentiation of the examined characters, it was difficult to verify the research hypothesis unambiguously. The calculated similarity coefficients of the endocarps’ qualitative and quantitative characters revealed the highest morphological similarity of endocarps between DW and BB groups, supporting the phylogenetic relationships based on molecular evidence. The number of vascular bundles on the endocarp surface was the character that supported this similarity the most. The similarity coefficients calculated separately for qualitative characters showed the closest similarity between groups CC-DW. However, these results do not directly reflect any of the published phylogenies.

更新日期：2021-10-28

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