Calcium carbonate, which is widely employed as a filler added into the polymer matrix, has large numbers of applications owing to the excellent properties such as low cost, non-toxicity, high natural reserves and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, in order to obtain the good filling effect, calcium carbonate needs to be surface modified by organic molecules so as to enhance the dispersion and compatibility within the composites. This review paper systematically introduces the theory, methods, and applications progress of calcium carbonate with surface modification. Additionally, the key factors that affect the properties of the composites as well as the current difficulties and challenges are highlighted. The current research progress and potential application prospects of calcium carbonate in the fields of plastics, rubber, paper, medicine and environmental protection are discussed as well. Generally, this review can provide valuable reference for the modification and comprehensive utilization of calcium carbonate.