Hybrid metal-halide perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have drawn unprecedented attention during the last decade due to their superior photovoltaic performance, facile and low-cost fabrication, and potential for roll-to-roll mass production and application for portable devices. Through collective composition, interface, and process engineering, a comprehensive understanding of the structure–property relationship and carrier dynamics of perovskites has been established to help achieve a very high certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.5%. Apart from material properties, the modified heterojunction design and device configuration evolution also play crucial roles in enhancing the efficiency. The adoption and/or modification of heterojunction structures have been demonstrated to effectively suppress the carrier recombination and potential losses in PVSCs. Moreover, the employment of multijunction structures has been shown to reduce thermalization losses, achieving a high PCE of 29.52% in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Therefore, understanding the evolution of the device configuration of PVSCs from single junction, heterojunction to multijunction designs is helpful for the researchers in this field to further boost the PCE beyond 30%. Herein, we summarize the evolution and progress of the single junction, heterojunction and multijunction designs for high-performance PVSCs. A comprehensive review of the fundamentals and working principles of these designs is presented. We first introduce the basic working principles of single junction PVSCs and the intrinsic properties (such as crystallinity and defects) in perovskite films. Afterwards, the progress of diverse heterojunction designs and perovskite-based multijunction solar cells is synopsized and reviewed. Meanwhile, the challenges and strategies to further enhance the performance are also summarized. At the end, the perspectives on the future development of perovskite-based solar cells are provided. We hope this review can provide the readers with a quick catchup on this emerging solution-processable photovoltaic technology, which is currently at the transition stage towards commercialization.

中文翻译：

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从单结、异质结到高性能钙钛矿太阳能电池的多结设计

混合金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池（PVSC）由于其优越的光伏性能、简便和低成本的制造以及卷对卷大规模生产和便携式设备应用的潜力，在过去十年中引起了前所未有的关注。通过集体组成、界面和工艺工程，对钙钛矿的结构-性质关系和载流子动力学有了全面的了解，以帮助实现 25.5% 的非常高的认证功率转换效率 (PCE)。除了材料特性外，改进的异质结设计和器件配置演变在提高效率方面也起着至关重要的作用。异质结结构的采用和/或修饰已被证明可以有效抑制 PVSC 中的载流子复合和潜在损失。此外，多结结构的使用已被证明可以减少热化损失，在钙钛矿/硅串联太阳能电池中实现了 29.52% 的高 PCE。因此，了解 PVSC 的器件配置从单结、异质结到多结设计的演变有助于该领域的研究人员进一步将 PCE 提高到 30% 以上。在此，我们总结了高性能 PVSC 的单结、异质结和多结设计的演变和进展。对这些设计的基本原理和工作原理进行了全面回顾。我们首先介绍了单结 PVSC 的基本工作原理和钙钛矿薄膜的固有特性（如结晶度和缺陷）。然后，概述和回顾了各种异质结设计和基于钙钛矿的多结太阳能电池的进展。同时，还总结了进一步提升性能的挑战和策略。最后，提供了对钙钛矿基太阳能电池未来发展的展望。我们希望这篇评论能让读者快速了解这种新兴的溶液可加工光伏技术，该技术目前正处于商业化的过渡阶段。对各种异质结设计和基于钙钛矿的多结太阳能电池的进展进行了概述和审查。同时，还总结了进一步提升性能的挑战和策略。最后，提供了对钙钛矿基太阳能电池未来发展的展望。我们希望这篇评论能让读者快速了解这种新兴的溶液可加工光伏技术，该技术目前正处于商业化的过渡阶段。对各种异质结设计和基于钙钛矿的多结太阳能电池的进展进行了概述和审查。同时，还总结了进一步提升性能的挑战和策略。最后，提供了对钙钛矿基太阳能电池未来发展的展望。我们希望这篇评论能让读者快速了解这种新兴的溶液可加工光伏技术，该技术目前正处于商业化的过渡阶段。