Most cellular functions require of ion homeostasis and ion movement. Among others, ion channels play a crucial role in controlling the homeostasis of anions and cations concentration between the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Calcium (Ca²⁺) is one of the most relevant ions involved in regulating critical functions of immune cells, allowing the appropriate development of immune cell responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Due to the importance of Ca²⁺ in inducing the immune response, some viruses have evolved mechanisms to modulate intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations and the mobilization of this cation through Ca²⁺ channels to increase their infectivity and to evade the immune system using different mechanisms. For instance, some viral infections require the influx of Ca²⁺ through ionic channels as a first step to enter the cell, as well as their replication and budding. Moreover, through the expression of viral proteins on the surface of infected cells, Ca²⁺ channels function can be altered, enhancing the pathogen evasion of the adaptive immune response. In this article, we review those ion channels and ion transporters that are essential for the function of immune cells. Specifically, cation channels and Ca²⁺ channels in the context of viral infections and their contribution to the modulation of adaptive immune responses.

大多数细胞功能需要离子稳态和离子运动。其中，离子通道在控制细胞外和细胞内隔室之间阴离子和阳离子浓度的稳态方面起着至关重要的作用。钙 (Ca ²⁺ ) 是参与调节免疫细胞关键功能的最相关离子之一，允许适当发展针对病原体和肿瘤细胞的免疫细胞反应。由于 Ca ²⁺在诱导免疫反应中的重要性，一些病毒已经进化出调节细胞内 Ca ²⁺浓度和该阳离子通过 Ca ²⁺动员的机制使用不同的机制来增加其传染性和逃避免疫系统的途径。例如，一些病毒感染需要 Ca ²⁺通过离子通道流入作为进入细胞的第一步，以及它们的复制和出芽。此外，通过在受感染细胞表面表达病毒蛋白，可以改变Ca ²⁺通道的功能，增强适应性免疫反应的病原体逃避。在本文中，我们回顾了对免疫细胞功能至关重要的那些离子通道和离子转运蛋白。具体来说，是病毒感染背景下的阳离子通道和 Ca ²⁺通道及其对适应性免疫反应调节的贡献。