肉毒杆菌神经毒素 (BoNT) 及其生物学、药理学和毒理学问题：范围审查,Applied Sciences

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肉毒杆菌神经毒素 (BoNT) 及其生物学、药理学和毒理学问题：范围审查
Applied Sciences ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-23 , DOI: 10.3390/app11198849
Massimo Corsalini , Francesco Inchingolo , Gianna Dipalma , Angelika Elzbieta Wegierska , Ioannis Alexandros Charitos , Maria Assunta Potenza , Antonio Scarano , Felice Lorusso , Alessio Danilo Inchingolo , Monica Montagnani , Luigi Santacroce

肉毒杆菌毒素或神经毒素 (BoNT) 是已知的最有效的神经毒素，目前被广泛研究，不仅因为它们的潜在致死性，还因为它们可能的治疗和美容用途。目前，已知和表征了七种抗原性不同的毒素，它们由杆状细菌肉毒杆菌产生. 肉毒杆菌中毒（表现为严重的神经肌肉麻痹症）通常由 A、B、E 和 F 型毒素引起。受污染的食物制剂中毒是非医源性肉毒杆菌中毒的最常见原因。孢子具有很强的耐热性，但在 80°C 下 30 分钟很容易被破坏。A 型和 B 型毒素对胃肠系统酶的消化有抵抗力。进入后，BoNT 不可逆地与胆碱能神经末梢结合并阻止乙酰胆碱从突触中释放。相比之下，在伤口肉毒中毒中，神经毒素是肉毒杆菌生长的产物在受感染的组织中。BoNT 吸入的污染不是通过自然途径发生的，但它肯定是最危险的。它可能是由肉毒杆菌毒素以气溶胶形式散布在大气中造成的，因此可能被故意用于生物恐怖目的（例如，在 CBRN（化学、生物、放射和核）非常规事件期间）。此外，BoNT 目前用于治疗多种疾病或减轻其症状，例如用于偏头痛发作和美容用途的肉毒杆菌毒素 A。事实上，本文旨在报告对 BoNT 的最新知识，包括其毒理学机制和药理作用。

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Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) and Their Biological, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Issues: A Scoping Review

Botulinum toxins or neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent neurotoxins known, and are currently extensively studied, not only for their potential lethality, but also for their possible therapeutic and cosmetic uses. Currently, seven types of antigenically distinct toxins are known and characterized, produced by a rod-shaped bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. Human poisoning by botulism (presenting with severe neuromuscular paralytic disease) is usually caused by toxins A, B, E, and F type. Poisoning from contaminated food preparations is the most common cause of noniatrogenic botulism. The spores are highly resistant to heat but are easily destroyed at 80 °C for thirty minutes. Type A and B toxins are resistant to digestion by the enzymes of the gastrointestinal system. After their entry, BoNTs irreversibly bind to cholinergic nerve endings and block the release of acetylcholine from the synapses. In contrast, in wound botulism, the neurotoxin is instead product by the growth of C.botulium in infected tissues. The contamination by BoNT inhalation does not occur by a natural route but it is certainly the most dangerous. It can be caused by the dispersion of the botulinum toxin in the atmosphere in the form of an aerosol and therefore can be deliberately used for bioterrorist purposes (e.g., during CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear) unconventional events). In addition, BoNTs are currently used to treat a variety of diseases or alleviate their symptoms, such as the onabotulinumtoxinA for migraine attacks and for cosmetic use. Indeed, this paper aims to report on updated knowledge of BoNTs, both their toxicological mechanisms and their pharmacological action.

更新日期：2021-09-23

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