The Carrington event in 1859, a solar flare with an associated geomagnetic storm, has served as a prototype of possible superflare occurrence on the Sun. Recent geophysical (¹⁴C signatures in tree rings) and precise time-series photometry [the bolometric total solar irradiance (TSI) for the Sun, and the broadband photometry from Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, for the stars] have broadened our perspective on extreme events and the threats that they pose for Earth and for Earth-like exoplanets. This review assesses the mutual solar and/or stellar lessons learned and the status of our theoretical understanding of the new data, both stellar and solar, as they relate to the physics of the Carrington event. The discussion includes the event's implied coronal mass ejection, its potential “solar cosmic ray” production, and the observed geomagnetic disturbances based on the multimessenger information already available in that era. Taking the Carrington event as an exemplar of the most extreme solar event, and in the context of our rich modern knowledge of solar flare and/or coronal mass ejection events, we discuss the aspects of these processes that might be relevant to activity on solar-type stars, and in particular their superflares.

1859 年的卡林顿事件，伴随着地磁风暴的太阳耀斑，已成为可能发生在太阳上的超级耀斑的原型。最近的地球物理（树木年轮中的¹⁴ C 特征）和精确的时间序列光度测量[太阳的热辐射总太阳辐照度 (TSI)，以及来自开普勒和凌日系外行星勘测卫星的宽带光度测量, 对于恒星] 拓宽了我们对极端事件及其对地球和类地系外行星构成的威胁的看法。这篇综述评估了太阳和/或恒星的相互经验教训，以及我们对恒星和太阳新数据的理论理解状态，因为它们与卡林顿事件的物理学有关。讨论包括该事件隐含的日冕物质抛射、其潜在的“太阳宇宙射线”产生，以及基于那个时代已有的多信使信息观测到的地磁扰动。以卡林顿事件作为最极端太阳事件的范例，并在我们对太阳耀斑和/或日冕物质抛射事件的丰富现代知识的背景下，我们讨论了这些过程可能与太阳活动相关的方面——键入星星，