<br>美洲黑熊 (Ursus americanus) 的母系等级制度,Integrative Zoology

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美洲黑熊 (Ursus americanus) 的母系等级制度
Integrative Zoology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-08 , DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12583
Benjamin Kilham _{1,

2} , James R Spotila ₂

Affiliation

美洲黑熊（ Ursus americanus ）长期以来被认为是独居动物，其社会组织尚未得到很好的描述。在这里，我们提供有关黑熊社会结构的新数据。该研究的目的是对野生黑熊的行为进行详细观察，以确定它们的社会互动和结构。我们测试了黑熊是否在交配和竞争资源之外进行社会互动，黑熊是否在资源不有限的情况下跟踪关系并定期互动，以及黑熊种群的社会结构是否基于母系等级制度。我们通过对 1993 年至 2014 年熊的直接观察收集了数据。对一个供应地点的 1210 次社交互动的观察表明，雌性熊存在竞争并形成母系等级制度。占主导地位的熊在食物、空间控制和对年轻熊的控制方面建立了等级制度。互动后发生了气味标记，这表明占主导地位的雌性正在根据它们的气味标记来调节下属。有亲缘关系和无亲缘关系的熊之间发生亲缘行为，有助于建立熊群落的社会结构。根据我们的数据，人类与熊的冲突可以通过人类在遇到熊时改变行为来减少。对熊行为和母系等级制度的了解为对处于熊与人类冲突情况下的熊进行非致命管理提供了基础。

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Matrilinear hierarchy in the American black bear (Ursus americanus)

The American black bear (Ursus americanus) was long thought to be solitary and its social organization has not been well described. Here, we present new data on black bear social structure. The objectives of the study were to make detailed observations of the behavior of wild black bears to determine their social interactions and structure. We tested whether black bears interacted socially beyond mating and competing for resources, if black bears tracked relationships and interacted regularly even when resources were not limited, and whether the social structure of a population of black bears was based on a matrilinear hierarchy. We collected data by direct observation of bears from 1993 to 2014. Observations of 1210 social interactions at a provisioning site indicated that females compete and form matrilinear hierarchies. Dominant bears established a hierarchy for food, control of space, and control of younger bears. Post interaction scent marking took place, which suggested that dominant females were conditioning subordinates to their scent marks. Affiliative behavior occurred between related and unrelated bears and helped to establish the social structure of the bear community. Based on our data, human–bear conflicts can be reduced by behavioral modifications by humans when they encounter bears. Knowledge of bear behavior and the matrilinear hierarchy provide a basis for non-lethal management of bears that find themselves in a bear–human conflict situation.

更新日期：2021-09-08

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