碳水化合物是自然界中含量最丰富、最重要的生物大分子之一。虽然碳水化合物这个词听起来很简单，历史悠久，但它涵盖了非常广泛的研究范围，并延伸到不同的研究学科。在过去的十年中，ACS Macro Letters一直是从聚合物角度发表与碳水化合物相关的研究论文的杰出平台。迄今为止，我们已经发表了 120 多篇与碳水化合物聚合物概念相关的论文。这些论文可以分为不同的主题（图 1），从新型碳水化合物聚合物或多糖的合成、物理和自组装到各种应用，包括靶向递送、复合物、免疫调节等。在这篇社论中，不同的主题出版于将总结涉及碳水化合物相关论文的ACS Macro Letters ，为评估碳水化合物聚合物领域的最新研究提供一种方法。上述主题不包括可以显示出令人印象深刻的用途的多糖基材料，例如包括纤维素的那些，这是该领域的一个极其重要的方面，值得单独讨论。图 1. (a) ACS Macro Letters发表的碳水化合物聚合物标题和摘要中使用的关键词词云在过去的十年里。单词的大小反映了它出现在出版物中的数量。（b）按不同类型碳水化合物聚合物分类的论文数量。与碳水化合物有关的聚合物大致可分为三类（图2）：（1）（a）自然界中发现的多糖，一般为均聚物或杂聚物，包括纤维素、糊精、琼脂糖等；(b) 天然衍生的合成多糖，它是含有碳水化合物骨架的聚合物，通过开环聚合或其他方法与由天然糖制成的单体制成；(c) 糖聚合物（包括糖肽），它是具有单糖或寡糖作为侧基的合成聚合物。ACS 宏字母发表了几篇关于天然衍生的合成多糖和糖聚合物的新型合成的重要论文。例如，Grinstaff 和他的同事发表了许多ACS Macro Letters多年来对他们的聚酰胺糖 (PAS) 的研究。PAS 是一种天然衍生的合成多糖，由葡萄糖/半乳糖衍生的 β-内酰胺单体制成，具有酰胺键而不是天然醚键。基于模拟具有烷基链修饰的纤维素的PAS骨架，观察并报道了热致LC行为。（2）虽然葡萄糖和半乳糖的结构相似，但由葡萄糖和半乳糖制成的PAS的性质可能非常不同。与葡萄糖衍生聚合物相比，所有分子量的半乳糖衍生聚合物均显示出较高的水溶性，这表明天然衍生的合成多糖具有很强的结构-性质关系。ACS Macro Letters ，包括通过 2-恶唑啉基杂双环碳水化合物单体 (5) 和聚碳酸酯的阳离子开环聚合制备的具有N -1,2-糖苷键的非天然寡氨基糖-葡萄糖衍生的双环碳酸酯通过有机催化开环聚合制备。（6）另一种碳水化合物主链聚合物称为葡萄糖基聚（酯胺），以碳水化合物单元和低聚胺为骨架，也由二丙烯酸酯葡萄糖和苄基制成-Boc 保护的低聚胺单体通过迈克尔加成。(7) 图 2. 本社论中讨论的不同类型的碳水化合物聚合物（每个结构都有参考标记）。当涉及到糖聚合物时，可以在ACS Macro Letters中找到一系列新报道的结构. 虽然天然衍生的合成多糖正在模仿多糖的骨架，但糖聚合物或多或少被设计为模仿含碳水化合物的生物聚合物的功能，尤其是天然聚糖的蛋白质结合功能。有几篇论文报道了新的糖聚合物结构，这些结构在模仿天然聚糖方面迈出了重要的一步（图 2，右栏）。例如，通过将N-聚糖链转化为单体，制备了以N-聚糖链作为侧基的新型糖聚合物。（8） N的一锅法合成通过氰氧基自由基聚合从未受保护的碳水化合物中获得-聚糖聚合物。(9) 化学酶法合成硫酸乙酰肝素模拟糖聚合物 (10) 和通过乳液开环复分解聚合合成具有硫酸化模式的岩藻依聚糖模拟糖聚合物 (11)报道。为了模拟支链 GM-1 结构，制备了一种具有双修饰侧基的硫代内酯的糖聚合物来调节凝集素的选择性和亲和力。(12) 通过无铜点击化学的蛋白质-糖聚合物“端到端”共轭是据报道，它是天然聚糖的结构模拟物。(13) 除了碳水化合物侧链外，其他功能成分已用于糖聚合物中。例如，FRET对，即寡糖侧链上修饰的供体和主链上的受体，设计和制备用于研究α-淀粉酶的活性。（14）天然糖苷键和羟基使碳水化合物聚合物从聚合物物理学的角度成为一个有趣的平台。环状或环状聚合物也具有有趣的拓扑结构和物理性质，其中链刚度的贡献不容忽视。环状直链淀粉提供了研究链刚度对环状聚合物影响的机会，正如 Terao 等人报道的那样，因为具有超过 100 个吡喃糖单元的环状聚合物可以酶促制备。在 2、3、吡喃葡萄糖苷与三（苯基氨基甲酸酯）的 6 个位置导致链刚度显着增加，因为库恩长度从环状直链淀粉的 4 nm 变为环状直链淀粉三（苯基氨基甲酸酯）的 16-22 nm（图 3）。（15）高分子正如 Lodge 等人所报道的，重量甲基纤维素也与短聚（乙二醇）链接枝，虽然轮廓长度保持不变，但接枝导致持久长度增加了 4 倍。（16）此外, Mezzenga 等人报道了由氯喹和无机阳离子控制的线性多糖 λ-角叉菜胶的构象变化。(17) 图 3. 环状直链淀粉的库恩长度变化。经参考文献 (15) 许可转载。版权所有 2012 美国化学学会。碳水化合物聚合物，尤其是糖聚合物的应用，在过去的十年中引起了广泛的关注。这些功能可大致分为聚合物上用作靶向剂的碳水化合物部分，主要是由于它们结合蛋白质和/或充当亲水壳的能力。Reineke 等人报道了具有亲水性糖聚合物外壳的复合物。用 pDNA 和聚 (2-甲基丙烯酰胺-2-脱氧葡萄糖)-修饰的星形聚酰胺胺。(18) 此外，由糖聚合物形成的复合物被用于致癌的表皮生长因子受体沉默。(19) 蛋白质（或碳水化合物） )-糖聚合物的结合功能已用于不同的应用，包括凝集素传感，(20) 探测碳水化合物-碳水化合物相互作用（图 4），(21) 消除病原菌，(22) 靶向 HepG2 细胞，(23) 等。ACS 宏字母. 例如，一种半乳糖醛酸呈递多糖显示出与促血管生成生长因子的结合亲和力。(26) 图 4. Gibson 等人报道的碳水化合物-碳水化合物相互作用的热触发探测的封面艺术。(21) 自组装是一种将碳水化合物聚合物的合成和物理特性与应用材料联系起来的方法。考虑到碳水化合物的复杂结构，具有相对刚性的主链和众多的羟基，对碳水化合物聚合物自组装的理解成为一个有趣且重要的课题。例如，麦芽七糖与长链烃（蜡）的连接可用于形成胶束和囊泡。ACS 宏字母. Chen 等人 (29) 首次引入了脱保护诱导的糖聚合物自组装 (DISA) 的概念，其中糖嵌段共聚物的两亲性变化是由脱保护引起的。不久之后，一种相关的方法导致了通过化学酶促合成糖肽实现了形态转变。(30) 单链方法 (31,32) 和微乳液中的界面加聚 (33) 也被报道为获取糖纳米对象的新方法。还研究了碳水化合物的其他可逆/动态相互作用。例如，糖和苯基硼酸之间形成的动态共价键已被用于构建逐层组件 (34) 或水凝胶 (35)。类似地，碳水化合物/凝集素结合被用于获得聚合物水凝胶。(36) 基于组装的糖纳米对象，结构-性质关系已在不同尺度上进行了广泛研究。例如，在分子水平上，比较了吡喃半乳糖苷 (Gal) 修饰的糖纳米颗粒的区域异构体的结合，显示了 1-Gal 和 6-Gal 修饰的纳米颗粒的不同结合能力和细胞转运途径。 (37) 基于在这个结果上，同一组揭示了 Gal 修饰纳米粒子的重要性，以实现生物膜抑制活性金黄色葡萄球菌.(38) 同时，Stenzel 等人实现了糖纳米颗粒的病毒样形态。(39) 不同形态的糖纳米颗粒具有不同的荧光标记特性。(40) 从蠕虫状胶束到血小板的不同形状的糖纳米颗粒与免疫细胞的相互作用, 已被 O'Reilly 和 Chen 等人深入研究 (41,42) 这些研究揭示了不同尺度的糖纳米物体的生物学功能和结构之间的复杂联系，从碳水化合物的结构到大小、形状，甚至纳米物体的相分离。虽然术语碳水化合物是一个简单的名称，但它涵盖了大量的大分子。自然界中存在大量多糖并作为物质发挥作用，其中以纤维素最为丰富。纳米纤维素，包括纤维素纳米晶体 (CNC)，是一个引起极大兴趣的话题，部分原因在于其晶体结构的坚固性（图 5）。（43）此外，虽然表面羟基是碳水化合物中的主要官能团聚合物，它们可以被改性以在 CNC 表面获得例如羧酸盐、硫酸半酯和胺，从而为材料制备和性能提供更多的多功能性。例如，已经基于羧酸盐或胺改性的纤维素纳米晶体的质子化/去质子化制备了 pH 响应性纤维素纳米晶体凝胶和纳米复合材料。(44) 其他碳水化合物聚合物天然含有这些功能。例如，(48) 为了破译葡聚糖链的区域选择性与最终块状材料的性质之间的联系，采用阳离子聚合制备了 (1-2)-吡喃葡萄糖衍生物。发现所获得的（1-2）-连接的葡聚糖链衍生物的自立薄膜具有高拉伸性和韧性，而用（1-4）-连接的葡聚糖链衍生物制成的薄膜较脆。这种显着差异表明，具有不同键的两条葡聚糖链中的链间氢键可以作为能量耗散键（图 6）。（49）多糖与其他聚合物的结合也是一个非常活跃的研究领域，尤其是作为提高机械性能的一种方式。通过结合琼脂糖纳米纤维和聚丙烯酰胺，可以实现坚固水凝胶的 4D 打印。b -PB- b-CTA 作为增容剂。(51) 图 5. 显示结晶纤维素中纤维素分子链的封面艺术。(43) 图 6. 由 (1-2)-连接或 (1-4)- 制成的材料的比较-连接的葡聚糖。经参考（50）许可转载。版权所有 2020 美国化学学会。如果将发表的论文按碳水化合物聚合物的类别划分，正如我在这篇社论开头提到的那样，可以发现多糖占主导地位，有 60 多篇论文。在这些论文中，通过使用不同的多糖，特别是纤维素或纤维素纳米晶体制备各种材料，贡献显着（图1）。虽然触及了这项工作的某些方面，但没有足够的空间来完全公正地处理这一领域。ACS Macro Letters探索了它们对材料功能的贡献，这不仅来自碳水化合物聚合物的基础知识，而且还为材料科学提供了广阔的视野。我于 2018 年加入ACS Macro Letters的编辑团队。在此之前，我是一名作者和审稿人。通过对近十年碳水化合物相关论文的总结，我们可以对这一领域的研究趋势有所了解。ACS Macro Letters发表碳水化合物聚合物所有研究方面的新方法和重要突破，从合成到物理，从组装到宏观材料和生物功能。从上面的例子中，很明显ACS Macro Letters是发布聚合物科学和材料科学中碳水化合物相关研究的所有领域的最佳平台之一。我希望也相信ACS Macro Letters将服务于这个社区，并在未来十年及以后的时间里，将继续受到该研究领域同仁的信任！本文引用了 51 种其他出版物。
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The Past Ten Years of Carbohydrate Polymers in ACS Macro Letters
Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Although the word carbohydrate sounds simple and has a long history, it covers a very broad research scope with extensions in different research disciplines. In the past ten years, ACS Macro Letters has been an outstanding platform for publishing research papers related to carbohydrates from the polymer perspective. To date, we have published more than 120 papers related to the concept of carbohydrate polymers. These papers can be categorized into different topics (Figure 1), from synthesis, physics, and self-assembly of new carbohydrate polymers or polysaccharides to various applications, including targeted delivery, polyplex, immune regulation, etc. In this editorial, the different topics published in ACS Macro Letters that involve carbohydrate-related papers will be summarized, giving one way to assess the state-of-the-art research in the field of carbohydrate polymers. The above-mentioned topics do not include polysaccharide-based materials that can show an impressive range of uses, such as those that include cellulose, which is an extremely important aspect of the field and deserves to be discussed separately. Figure 1. (a) Word cloud of keywords used in the titles and abstracts of carbohydrate polymers published in ACS Macro Letters in the past ten years. The size of the word is reflective of the number of publications it appears in. (b) The number of papers categorized by different types of carbohydrate polymers. The polymers related to carbohydrates can be roughly divided into three types (Figure 2):(1) (a) the polysaccharides found in Nature, which are normally homopolymers or heteropolymers, including cellulose, dextrin, agarose, etc.; (b) naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, which are polymers containing a carbohydrate backbone, made by ring-opening polymerization or other methods with monomers made from natural saccharides; and (c) glycopolymers (including glycopeptides), which are synthetic polymers with monosaccharides or oligosaccharides as pendent groups. ACS Macro Letters published several important papers on novel synthesis of naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides and glycopolymers. For example, Grinstaff and his colleagues have published a number of ACS Macro Letters on their polyamidosaccharides (PASs) over the years. PAS is a type of naturally derived synthetic polysaccharide, made from glucose-/galactose-derived β-lactam monomers, with an amide linkage instead of the natural ether linkage. Based on a PAS backbone mimicking cellulose with alkyl chain modifications, thermotropic LC behavior was observed and reported.(2) Although the structures of glucose and galactose are similar, the property of PASs made of glucose and galactose can be very different. In comparison to the glucose-derived polymers, the galactose-derived polymers of all molecular weights showed high water solubility, which indicated the strong structure–property relationship of naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides.(3) The anionic ring-opening polymerization method to prepare PASs was also successfully extended to a maltose-based β-lactam monomer.(4) The synthesis of other types of naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides can also be found in ACS Macro Letters, including unnatural oligoaminosaccharides with N-1,2-glycosidic bonds prepared by cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazoline-based heterobicyclic carbohydrate monomers(5) and polycarbonates of a d-glucal-derived bicyclic carbonate prepared via organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization.(6) A different class of carbohydrate main chain polymers called glucose-based poly(ester amines) with carbohydrate units and oligoamines as a backbone was also made by diacrylate glucose and benzyl-Boc-protected oligoamine monomers via Michael addition.(7) Figure 2. Different types of carbohydrate polymers discussed in this editorial (with the reference mark with each structure). When it comes to glycopolymers, a range of new reported structures can be found in ACS Macro Letters. While naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides are mimicking the backbone of polysaccharides, glycopolymers are more or less designed to mimic the function of carbohydrate-containing biopolymers, especially the protein-binding functions of natural glycans. There are several papers that reported new glycopolymer structures that made significant steps toward mimicking natural glycans (Figure 2, right column). For example, new glycopolymers with N-glycan chains as pendent groups have been prepared by converting the N-glycan chain into a monomer.(8) One-pot synthesis of N-glycan polymers from unprotected carbohydrates was achieved via cyanoxyl free radical polymerization.(9) Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate mimetic glycopolymers(10) and synthesis of fucoidan-mimetic glycopolymers with sulfation patterns via emulsion ring-opening metathesis polymerization(11) have been also reported. In order to mimic the branched GM-1 structure, a glycopolymer with double-modified pendent from thiolactones was prepared to modulate lectin selectivity and affinity.(12) Protein–glycopolymer “end-to-end” conjugation via copper-free click chemistry was reported as a structural mimic of natural glycan.(13) Besides the carbohydrate side chain, other functional components have been employed in glycopolymers. For example, FRET pairs, i.e., donor modified on the oligosaccharide side chain and acceptor on the main chain, were designed and prepared to investigate the activity of α-amylase.(14) The natural glycosidic bond and hydroxyl groups make carbohydrate polymers an interesting platform from a polymer physics perspective. Cyclic or ring polymers have a topologically interesting structure and physical properties as well, in which the contribution from chain stiffness cannot be overlooked. Cyclic amylose provides an opportunity to investigate the effect of chain stiffness on cyclic polymers as reported by Terao et al., as the cyclic polymer with more than 100 pyranose units can be prepared enzymatically. Transformation of the free hydroxyl groups at the 2, 3, and 6 positions of glucopyranoside to tris(phenylcarbamate) results in a significant increase in chain stiffness as Kuhn length changed from 4 nm for cyclic amylose to 16–22 nm for cyclic amylose tris(phenylcarbamate) (Figure 3).(15) High molecular weight methylcellulose was also grafted with short poly(ethylene glycol) chains, as reported by Lodge et al., and while the contour length remained unchanged, the grafting led to an increase in the persistence length by a factor of 4.(16) Furthermore, the conformation change of linear polysaccharide λ-carrageenan controlled by chloroquine and inorganic cations has been reported by Mezzenga et al.(17) Figure 3. Kuhn length change on cyclic amylose. Reproduced with permission from ref (15). Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. The applications of carbohydrate polymers, especially glycopolymers, have drawn significant attention in the past ten years. These functions can be roughly divided into carbohydrate moieties on the polymer acting as a targeting agent, primarily on account of their ability to bind proteins and/or act as a hydrophilic shell. Polyplexes with a hydrophilic shell of glycopolymers were reported by Reineke et al. with pDNA and poly(2-methacrylamido-2-deoxy glucopyanose)-modified star-shaped polyamidoamine.(18) Furthermore, a polyplex formed by a glycopolymer was employed for oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor silencing.(19) The protein (or carbohydrate)-binding function of glycopolymers has been utilized in different applications, including lectin sensing,(20) probing carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions (Figure 4),(21) elimination of pathogenic bacteria,(22) targeting HepG2 cells,(23) etc. The receptor binding ability of mannose-6-phosphate has been utilized in glycopolypeptides for lysosome targeting,(24) while a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen was combined with single-chain polymer particles in order to enhance the weak immunogenicity of the former.(25) In addition to glycopolymers, new functions of polysaccharides have been reported in ACS Macro Letters. For example, a galacturonic-acid-presenting polysaccharide showed binding affinities to proangiogenic growth factors.(26) Figure 4. Cover art of thermal-triggered probing of carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions reported by Gibson et al.(21) Self-assembly is one way that connects the synthesis and physical properties of carbohydrate polymers to materials with applications. Considering the complex structure of carbohydrates, which have relative rigid backbones and numerous hydroxyl groups, the understanding of carbohydrate polymer self-assembly becomes an interesting and important topic. For example, the attachment of maltoheptaose to long-chain hydrocarbons (wax) can be used to form micelles and vesicles.(27) Related maltoheptaose-modified poly(ε-caprolactone) block copolymers allow access to self-assembled microphase-separated domains at the 10 nm scale, on account of the high Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ) of the block copolymer.(28) New approaches to construct assembled nano-objects based on carbohydrate polymers have been continuously published in ACS Macro Letters. The concept of deprotection-induced glycopolymer self-assembly (DISA), in which the amphiphilicity change of the glyco-block copolymer is induced by deprotection, was first introduced by Chen et al.(29) Soon after, a related approach that resulted in a morphology transition was achieved by chemoenzymatic synthesis of a glycopeptide.(30) Single-chain methods(31,32) and interfacial polyaddition in miniemulsions(33) were also reported as new approaches to access glyco-nanoobjects. Other reversible/dynamic interactions have also been investigated with carbohydrates. For example, the dynamic covalent bonds formed between saccharides and phenylboronic acid have been utilized to construct either layer-by-layer assemblies(34) or hydrogels.(35) Similarly, carbohydrate/lectin binding was employed to access polymeric hydrogels.(36) Based on the assembled glyco-nanoobjects, the structure–property relationship has been extensively investigated across different scales. For example, at the molecular level, binding of regioisomers of galactopyranoside (Gal)-modified glyco-nanoparticles was compared, showing the different binding ability and cellular transportation pathway of 1-Gal- and 6-Gal-modified nanoparticles.(37) Based on this result, the same group revealed the importance of Gal modification of nanoparticles, in order to achieve the biofilm inhibition activity of S. aureus.(38) Meanwhile, virus-like morphologies of glyco-nanoparticles were achieved by Stenzel et al. that exhibit different internalization ability by macrophages.(39) Different fluorescent-labeling properties of glyco-nanoparticles with different morphologies were also reported.(40) The interaction of glyco-nanoparticles of different shapes, from worm-like micelles to platelets with immune cells, has been intensively investigated by O’Reilly and Chen et al.(41,42) These studies revealed the intricate connection between the biological function and the structure of glyco-nanoobjects at different scales, from the structure of carbohydrates to the size, shape, and even phase separation of the nanoobjects. While the term carbohydrate is a simple name, it covers an extremely large amount of macromolecules. A large number of polysaccharides exist in nature and function as matter, with cellulose being the most abundant. Nanocelluloses, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are a topic that attracts much interest, in part on account of the robust nature of its crystalline structure (Figure 5).(43) In addition, while surface hydroxyl groups are the dominant functionality in carbohydrate polymers, they can be modified to access, e.g., carboxylate, sulfate half ester, and amine on the CNC surface, providing more versatility for material preparation and properties. For example, pH-responsive cellulose nanocrystal gels and nanocomposites have been prepared based on the protonation/deprotonation of carboxylate- or amine-modified cellulose nanocrystals.(44) Other carbohydrate polymers contain these functionalities naturally. For example, the macroscopic properties of gellan gum hydrogels have been tuned by the rigid, fibrillar quaternary structures of these carboxylic-acid-functionalized polysaccharides, which were induced by divalent ions.(45) Besides, shear-thinning injectable hydrogels with hyaluronic acid were fabricated via tuning electrostatic interactions by Langer et al.(46) Other functionalities can also be exploited: for example, mechanically stable hydrogels based on polysaccharide were achieved by dynamic covalent cross-linking of thiol-aldehyde addition.(47) Meanwhile, 4,6-acetalized Curdlan, i.e., β-1,3 glucan, can be cross-linked via the hydrogen bonds of the hydroxyl groups at the 2 position of this modified Curdlan, forming double or triple helices.(48) To decipher the connection between the regioselectivity of the glucan chain and the property of the final bulk material, a (1–2)-glucopyran derivative was prepared by using cationic polymerization. The self-standing film of the obtained (1–2)-linked glucan chain derivative was found to be highly stretchable and tough, while the film made with the (1–4)-linked glucan chain derivative was brittle. This dramatic difference indicated that the interchain hydrogen bonds in the two glucan chains with different linkages could serve as energy-dissipative bonds (Figure 6).(49) The combination of the polysaccharide with other polymers is also a very active area of research, especially as a way to enhance mechanical properties. 4D printing of robust hydrogels could be achieved by combining agarose nanofibers and polyacrylamide.(50) A remarkable increase in toughness and stiffness can be achieved by blending of polybutadiene (PB) and cellulose triacetate (CTA), with the triblock copolymer CTA-b-PB-b-CTA as a compatibilizer.(51) Figure 5. Cover art showing the molecular chains of cellulose in crystalline cellulose.(43) Figure 6. Comparation of the materials made by (1–2)-linked or (1–4)-linked glucans. Reproduced with permission from ref (50). Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. When the published papers are divided by the category of carbohydrate polymers, as I mentioned in the beginning of this editorial, polysaccharides can be found to be dominate, with more than 60 papers. Among these papers, preparing various materials by using different polysaccharides, especially cellulose or cellulose nanocrystals, contributed significantly (Figure 1). While some aspects of this work were touched upon, there was not enough space to do this area full justice. The focus of this editorial was to give more of a taste of the different types of carbohydrate polymers that have been reported in ACS Macro Letters with exploration of their contribution to material functions, which not only stands from the fundamentals of carbohydrate polymers but also gives a broad vision in material science. I joined the editorial team of ACS Macro Letters in 2018. Before that, I was an author and a reviewer. By summarizing the carbohydrate-related papers in the past ten years, we can get some idea of the research trends in this field. ACS Macro Letters publishes novel approaches and important breakthroughs in all research aspects of carbohydrate polymers, from synthesis to physics and from assembly to macroscopic materials and biological functions. From the above examples, it is clear that ACS Macro Letters is one of the best platforms in which to publish all areas of carbohydrate-related research in polymer science and material science. I hope and also believe that ACS Macro Letters will serve this community and will be continuously trusted by our colleagues in this research field in the coming ten years and beyond! This article references 51 other publications.
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