Fungi have evolved diverse strategies to acquire nutrients as endophytes, saprobes, symbionts, or pathogens. Appressoria have been intensively studied due to their importance in attaching and breaching the host surface. These specialized infection structures have evolved into various morpho-types: proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria, and compound appressoria. In this review, we discuss the differences in the formation, differentiation, and function of appressoria among fungi with diverse life strategies. Using DNA sequence information, LSU, 5.8S, SSU and rpb2 gene fragments, we reconstructed the ancestral states for appressorial types in the main phyla of fungi and fungus-like organisms and found that the hyaline appressoria was the most ancestral form. Our analysis estimated proto-appressoria diversification during the Mesozoic period (92–239 million years ago), however, its origin remains inconclusive. Our data suggest that these hyaline appressoria diversified into melanized or compound appressoria, with evidence of adaptive radiation.

真菌已经进化出多种策略来获取营养，如内生菌、腐生菌、共生体或病原体。由于附着胞在附着和破坏宿主表面方面的重要性，已对其进行了深入研究。这些特殊的感染结构已进化成各种形态类型：原附壁、透明附壁、黑化（深色）附壁和复合附壁。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了具有不同生活策略的真菌中附着胞的形成、分化和功能的差异。利用DNA序列信息、LSU、5.8S、SSU和rpb2基因片段，我们重建了真菌和类真菌生物主要门中附壁类型的祖先状态，发现透明附壁是最祖先的形式。我们的分析估计了中生代时期（92-2.39亿年前）原附着体的多样化，然而，其起源仍然没有定论。我们的数据表明，这些透明附着细胞分化为黑化或复合附着细胞，有适应性辐射的证据。