The crowded marketplace in Thiruvananthapuram (aka Trivandrum) thronged with people in the late nineteenth century. Men and women clad in white mundu teemed about the busy street buying oil and salt, horseshoes and iron farm implements, coarse cloth, coir rope, jaggery, and palm toddy. The men were mostly bare-chested, though some, unmindful of the sweltering heat, wore white long shirts or an upper-body cloth. While a few young women wore printed blouses, many, particularly the older women, wore no upper-body clothes except for large, beaded necklaces made of red-colored stones. Most people, with the exception of the men who clothed their upper body, walked along the sides of the road, leaving the path clear for the occasional bullock cart. These bullock carts, also known as villuvandi, carried young men-about-town, almost exclusively landowning, upper-caste Nairs. Dressed in a spotless white shirt, white mundu, and matching white turban, the Nair riding his villuvandi assumed the haughty air of a master surveying his subjects; out to observe his inferiors as much as be seen as a superior. These Nairs, and other upper-caste men and women, had the exclusive right of way, on bullock cart or on foot, the right to wear clean white clothes, and, of course, the right to ride a villuvandi. These rights were codified through caste-based rules or norms known as jati maryada, which governed all aspects of social behavior.

中文翻译：

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种姓作为表演：Ayyankali 和殖民地喀拉拉邦的种姓脚本

19 世纪后期，特里凡得琅（又名特里凡得琅）拥挤的市场挤满了人。穿白衣的男女蒙杜熙熙攘攘的街道上挤满了购买油盐、马蹄铁和铁农具、粗布、椰棕绳、粗糖和棕榈酒。这些人大多赤膊上阵，但也有一些人不顾闷热，穿着白色长衬衫或上身布。虽然少数年轻女性穿着印花衬衫，但许多女性，尤其是年长女性，除了用红色宝石制成的大串珠项链外，没有穿上身衣服。大多数人，除了上身穿衣服的男人外，都沿着路边走，为偶尔的牛车留出空路。这些牛车，也被称为维卢万迪，带着年轻人在城里走来走去，几乎完全是地主的上层种姓奈尔斯。身着一尘不染的白衬衫，白蒙杜，和配套的白色头巾，奈尔骑着他的维卢万迪摆出一副大师审视他的臣民的傲慢神态；出去观察他的下级，就像被视为一个上级一样。这些奈尔人和其他上层种姓的男人和女人，拥有乘坐牛车或步行的专属通行权，有权穿干净的白衣服，当然还有骑马车的权利。维卢万迪. 这些权利是通过基于种姓的规则或规范编纂的，称为贾蒂玛丽亚达，它支配着社会行为的方方面面。