Stellar Activity Manifesting at a One-year Alias Explains Barnard b as a False Positive,The Astronomical Journal

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Stellar Activity Manifesting at a One-year Alias Explains Barnard b as a False Positive
The Astronomical Journal ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-15 , DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac0057
Jack Lubin ₁ , Paul Robertson ₁ , Gudmundur Stefansson ₂ , Joe Ninan _{3,

4} , Suvrath Mahadevan _{3,

4} , Michael Endl ₅ , Eric Ford _{3,

4,

6} , Jason T. Wright _{3,

4} , Corey Beard ₁ , Chad Bender ₇ , William D. Cochran ₈ , Scott A. Diddams _{9,

10} , Connor Fredrick _{10,

11} , Samuel Halverson ₁₂ , Shubham Kanodia _{3,

4} , Andrew J. Metcalf _{9,

10,

13} , Lawrence Ramsey _{3,

4} , Arpita Roy _{14,

15} , Christian Schwab ₁₆ , Ryan Terrien ₁₇

Affiliation

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, The Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
McDonald Observatory and Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78730, USA
Institute for Computational & Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
McDonald Observatory and Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Associate of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117, USA
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Carleton College, One North College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA

Barnard’s star is among the most studied stars given its proximity to the Sun. It is often considered the radial velocity (RV) standard for fully convective stars due to its RV stability and equatorial decl. Recently, an $M\sin i=3.3{M}_{\oplus }$ super-Earth planet candidate with a 233 day orbital period was announced by Ribas et al. New observations from the near-infrared Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) Doppler spectrometer do not show this planetary signal. We ran a suite of experiments on both the original data and a combined original + HPF data set. These experiments include model comparisons, periodogram analyses, and sampling sensitivity, all of which show the signal at the proposed period of 233 days is transitory in nature. The power in the signal is largely contained within 211 RVs that were taken within a 1000 day span of observing. Our preferred model of the system is one that features stellar activity without a planet. We propose that the candidate planetary signal is an alias of the 145 day rotation period. This result highlights the challenge of analyzing long-term, quasi-periodic activity signals over multiyear and multi-instrument observing campaigns.

中文翻译：

以一年别名显示的恒星活动将巴纳德 b 解释为误报

鉴于巴纳德星靠近太阳，它是研究最多的恒星之一。由于其 RV 稳定性和赤道偏角，它通常被认为是全对流星的径向速度 (RV) 标准。最近，一个 $M\sin i=3.3{M}_{\oplus }$ Ribas 等人宣布了轨道周期为 233 天的超级地球行星候选者。近红外宜居带行星探测器 (HPF) 多普勒光谱仪的新观测未显示此行星信号。我们对原始数据和组合的原始 + HPF 数据集进行了一系列实验。这些实验包括模型比较、周期图分析和采样灵敏度，所有这些都表明在建议的 233 天期间的信号本质上是短暂的。信号中的能量主要包含在 1000 天观察范围内的 211 个 RV 中。我们首选的系统模型是一种没有行星的恒星活动模型。我们建议候选行星信号是 145 天自转周期的别名。这一结果凸显了分析长期、

更新日期：2021-07-15

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