Abstract: Sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. It has furthermore frequently been suggested that sleep does not strengthen all memories equally. The first aim of this review paper was to examine whether sleep selectively strengthens emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones. We examined this first by reviewing the literature focusing on sleep/wake contrasts, and then the literature on whether any specific factors during sleep preferentially benefit emotional memories, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories. A second aim was to examine if sleep preferentially benefits memories based on other cues of future relevance such as reward, test-expectancy or different instructions during encoding. Once again, we first focused on studies comparing sleep and wake groups, and then on studies examining the contributions of specific factors during sleep (for each future relevance paradigm, respectively). The review revealed that although some support exists that sleep is more beneficial for certain kinds of memories based on emotion or other cues of future relevance, the majority of studies does not support such an effect. Regarding specific factors during sleep, our review revealed that no sleep variable has reliably been found to be specifically associated with the consolidation of certain kinds of memories over others based on emotion or other cues of future relevance.

Keywords: sleep, memory, emotion, REM sleep, consolidation, forgetting


中文翻译：

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睡眠是否会根据情绪和感知到的未来相关性选择性地增强某些记忆而不是其他记忆？

摘要：已发现睡眠对记忆巩固有有益影响。此外，还经常有人提出睡眠并不能同等地增强所有记忆。这篇综述论文的第一个目的是检查睡眠是否比中性记忆更有选择地加强情绪陈述性记忆。我们首先回顾了专注于睡眠/觉醒对比的文献，然后回顾了关于睡眠中的任何特定因素是否优先有益于情绪记忆的文献，特别关注经常被提出的声称快速眼动睡眠主要巩固情绪记忆的说法. 第二个目的是根据未来相关的其他线索，如奖励、测试预期或编码期间的不同指令，检查睡眠是否优先有益于记忆。再来一次，我们首先关注比较睡眠和清醒组的研究，然后研究检查特定因素在睡眠期间的贡献（分别针对每个未来的相关范式）。该评论显示，尽管存在一些支持，即睡眠对基于情绪或其他未来相关线索的某些类型的记忆更有益，但大多数研究并不支持这种效果。关于睡眠期间的特定因素，我们的审查表明，没有可靠的睡眠变量被发现与基于情绪或其他未来相关线索的某些类型记忆的巩固与其他类型的记忆具体相关。该评论显示，尽管存在一些支持，即睡眠对基于情绪或其他未来相关线索的某些类型的记忆更有益，但大多数研究并不支持这种效果。关于睡眠期间的特定因素，我们的审查表明，没有可靠的睡眠变量被发现与基于情绪或其他未来相关线索的某些类型记忆的巩固与其他类型的记忆具体相关。该评论显示，尽管存在一些支持，即睡眠对基于情绪或其他未来相关线索的某些类型的记忆更有益，但大多数研究并不支持这种效果。关于睡眠期间的特定因素，我们的审查表明，没有可靠的睡眠变量被发现与基于情绪或其他未来相关线索的某些类型记忆的巩固与其他类型的记忆具体相关。

关键词：睡眠、记忆、情绪、REM睡眠、巩固、遗忘